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Immune System; Alyssa Najarro P.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - First Line of Defense; Surface Barriers
        Surface barriers include skin and mucous and their secretions. Skin and mucous produce protective chemicals that inhabit or destroy microorganisms. Surface barriers can be breaches by cuts which trigger the second line of defense.
        
        Second Line of Defense; Cells and Chemicals
        This system is necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues which include; Phagocytes, Natural Killer cells, and Inflammatory response
        
        Natural Killer Cells
        are nonphagocytic, large lymphocytes that patrol blood and lymphs. They can kill cancer and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated. They kill by inducing apoptosis in infected cells and secrete potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response
        
        Inflammatory response
        is triggered whenever body tissues are injured. Benefits of inflammation are preventing the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, setting alerts to the adaptive system, and repairing. Signs of inflammation redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
        
        Phagocytes
        are white blood cells that eat foreign invaders.
        Neutrophils: are the most abundant phagocytes but they die during or after fighting and become phagocytes on exposure to infectious material.
        Macrophages: They develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytes cells and are the most robust
      - Adaptive (acquired) Immune defense The adaptive immune is a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body. There are two main branches of the adaptive system, Humoral and Cellular.
        
        Humoral Immunity
        is when antibodies are produced by lymphocytes and circulate freely in body fluids. Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them. Passive humoral immunity occurs when antibodies are introduced in the body.
        
        Humoral Immune Response
        occurs when B cells encounter target antigens. Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced. Active humoral immunity occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them.
        
        Two Types of humoral immunity
        Naturally acquired : formed in response to actual bacterial and/or viral infection
        Artificially acquired: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogen
        
        Passive humoral immunity
        This occurs when antibodies are met in the body. During this process, B cells aren't against antigens which means immunological memory doesn't occur. When the anitbodies degrade is when protection ends.
        
        Naturally acquired passive humoral immunity : antibodies are delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through breast milk
        Artificially acquired passive humoral immunity: Any type of injection such as a shot
        
        Cellular Response
        
        Cellular Immune Response
        T-cells help defend against intracellular antigens. Examples include infected cells with viruses or bacteria, whether cancerous abnormal or foreign.
- - - - Immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
        a genetic malfunction with marked deficit in B and T cells.
        
        Hodgkin's disease
        is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer in B cells. lymph nodes are depressed and leads to immunodeficiency.
        
        Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
        this disease will eventually turn into Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
        Symptoms
        Symptoms begins when the immune system shutting down and are characterized by extreme weight loss, night sweats, and swollen lymph nodes.
        How is it transmitted?
        HIV can be transmitted through body fluid such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions or blood transfusion. This includes blood contaminated needles, sexual intercourse and oral sex, or mother to fetus.
        What does it do to your body?
        The virus crumbles down the immune system by getting in the way of helper T cells. HIV destroys T cells and compressed cellular immunity. There is no cure for AIDS/HIV but there are treatments of antiviral combinations but they can often fail.
        
        Autoimmune disease
        When the immune system loses ability to defend itself from the foreign.
        Autoimmunity
        is the production of autoantibodies and sensitized T cells that destroys body tissues.
        Treatments
        -Suppress the entire immune system by using anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids, block cytokine action and co-stimulatory molecules.
        -Activating T cells and injecting self-tolerance using vaccines and directing antibodies against self-reactive immune cells.
        
        Hypersensitivities
        immune response to perceive threat that causes tissue damage.
        Acute hypersensitivities (allergies)
        Contact with allergen, an antigen that causes allergic reactions. When you come in contact with an antigen, its usually asymptomatic but sensitizes a person.
        Activates lgE against antigen bonds to mast cells and basophils which later are encountered with the same allergen that causes a flood of histamine release from lgEs resulting in an inflammatory response.
        Asthma can occur if allergen is inhaled and can be controlled using antihistamines.
- - - - Dendrtitic cells
        are antigen-presenting cells found in connective tissues. Its main function is to activate antigen material and present on the surface of the cell to the T cells of the immune system. They act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems.
        
        Macrophages
        distributed widely in connective tissues and lymphoid organs. They present antigens to T cells that activates T cells and macrophages.
        Activated macrophages become phagocytic killer cells and trigger a powerful inflammatory response recruiting other defenses.
        
        B lymphocytes
        are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype. They are important in the humoral immunity component of the adaptive immune system. Producing antibody molecules that don't produce secreting antibodies. Be cells fight bacteria and virus by producing a Y-shaped protein called antibodies which are specific to each pathogen.
        
        Antibodies
        also called immunoglobulin, the proteins are secreted by plasma cells capable of binding specifically with antigens spotted by B cells. The basic structure of an antibody is T or Y shaped antibody monomer which consist of four looping polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds.
        Antibodies don't destroy antigens but inactivate and tag them while also preparing them for destruction by innate defenses.
        Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies
        Neutralization: antibodies block specific sites on viruses and/or bacterial exotoxins preventing antigens from binding to tissue cell receptors.
        Agglutination: this defense allows antigen-antibodies to become cross-linked into large clumps.
        Precipitation: molecules that are cross-linked into complexes that precipitate out of solution making it easier for the phagocytes to engulf.
        Complement fixation and activation: This is the main antibody defense against cellular antigens. When several antibodies complexes are bound close together on the same antigen binding sites their stem regions are aligned.
        
        T- cells
        T cells are a huge part of the cellular immune response where T cells defend against intracellular antigens.
        Some T cells directly kill cells while others release chemicals that maintain the immune response.
        
        Activation and Differentiation of T cells
        T cells can be activated when antigens are presented to them. It is a two step process that both occur on the surface and are required for clonal selection of the cell.
        Step One
        Antigen receptor T cells bind to antigen-MHC complex on antigen presenting cells. The receptor must recognize MHC and the foreign antigen it displays. When the receptor binds, it triggers intracellular signaling pathways.
        Step Two
        To complete the activation, the T cell requires to also bind to one or more co-stimulatory signals on the surface of the antigen presenting cell.
        T cells that are activated, proliferation responds to cytokines
        
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        Activation of B cells
        Helper T cells directly interact with B cells and exhibit antigen fragments that are attached to MHC II receptors. They also stimulate B cells to divide quickly and form antibodies.
        
        Phagocytes
        are white blood cells that ingest foreign invaders
        
        Neutrophils
        are the most abundant phagocytes but die while fighting and become phagocytes to exposure to infectious materials
        
        Natural Killer Cells
        these are nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that patrol blood and lymphs. These cells kill cancer and virus infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated.
        Secreting potent chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response and kill by inducing apoptosis in cancer and virus-infected cells. Also attacking cells that barely have "self" cell-surface receptors.