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BEHAVIOURISM AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
Learning can be defined as an activity of obtaining knowledge. We human usually learn or gain knowledge either in a conscious way or subconscious way.
There are actually a few theories been used to describe how knowledge or language is acquired namely Behaviourism, Innatism and Interactionism.
Conditioning has a 3-state procedure: stilmulus, response and reinforcement.
Behaviourism
Is the earliest language learning theory which is propounded by JB Watson in 1913.
This theory is supported and believed by some behaviourists who are Skinner, Pavlov and Thorndike.
Behaviourists consider learning a language as a set of mechanical habits which are formed through a process of imitation and repetition.
Behaviourists therefore think that learning a language especially second language (L2).
Learning could be effected by manipulating the environment to provide the required experience.
Humans learn a language through repeating the same form and text until it becomes a habit.
In behaviourism, there are two different types of reinforcement:
Positive reinforcement
Response or behavior is strengthened and increased positively with praise or rewards.
Negative reinforcement
If a student has been scolded by his teacher he will not respond in the next session because that would embarrass him.
Innatism
Innatists claimed that linguistic knowledge is an abstract nature no solely on the set of mechanical habits (imitation and repetition).
Chomsky and other linguists argued that children are credited with a special ability to discover the underlying rules of a language system within themselves.
This innate and special ability is called Language Acquisition Device (LAD) or 'a little black box' and Universal Grammar (UG) which exist in the brain.
The LAD
Contains a set of abstract principles common to all languages which enables the child to produce variety of sentences and construct grammatical sentences.
The UG
Help children to extract the rules of their language and to avoid grammatical errors.
Human beings acquire and adapt language in any environment along with input of language or linguistic knowledge.
Monitor model
Consists of five hypotheses which are The Input Hypothesis, The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, The Monitor Hypothesis, The Natural Order Hypothesis and The Affective Filter Hypothesis.
Input Hypothesis
Language acquisition takes place through comprehension input (CI).
Comprehensible Input does not have to be fine-tuned and reading is crucial to language acquisition
Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis
Adults have two distinct and independent ways to develop knowledge of a second language – learning and acquisition.
If learner acquires knowledge by naturally, the knowledge will be able to use spontaneously.
Monitor Hypothesis
A learner will use the monitor through learnt knowledge to correct and check what they say is grammatically.
This monitor operates only under three circumstances when there is sufficient time to self-correct, the focus is on form and knowledge of the rules being applied
Natural Order Hypothesis
Where grammatical structures are acquired in a natural and predictable order.
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Affect refers to things as motives, needs, attitures, and emotional states.This hypothesis is connected to the motivation factor.
Interactionism
Therefore, a learner will develop his/her language ability when they take part in spontaneous interactions rather than straight drills
Learners usually engage in learning when information is to be exchanged with each other.
Native speaker provides language input to language learner.
Comprehension Output
Learners need to be instilled language development especially grammatical development.
Learners are given the opportunities to test his/her hypothesis about the language through comprehensible output.
CI encourages semantic processing but CO encourages syntactic processing.
Audio Lingual Method is a wise method to be used to learn a language; however, it is not enough to suit the advancement of language learning nowadays.
Yeny Paola Correa Castro. 1002523374. Language Acquisition Theories.
