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The Immune System Serene Hernandez Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
The Immune System Serene Hernandez Period 1
Humoral vs. Cellular responses
Humoral Response
Involves
B cells
which have the ability to create antibodies
Antibodies are very specific so there must be an antibody that can bind to a pathogen
When
antibodies bind an antigen
, they can deactivate the pathogen by affecting the ability of the pathogen to move, reproduce, or cause harm
B cells must be activated
to create antibodies, they can be activated by helper T cells by free roaming antigens they may come in contact with
Cellular Response
For the cellular response to work you have to stimulate the cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cells
release a protein called perforin
which causes holes in th cell membrane
In order to
stimulate the cytotoxic T cell
, the infected cell must present the pathogen on its surface or the helper T cells and the infected cells release chemical signals to stimulate the cytotoxic cell
When cells that have been infected by a pathogen are destroyed the pathogen may also be destroyed
Involves
cytotoxic T cells
which have the ability to destroy cells that have been infected by a pathogen
In both humoral & cellular response there are memory cells
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune System
Lymphatic System
helps rid body of toxins, waste, and any other unwanted materials
Transports fluids through lymphatic vessels
Production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells)
Immune System
Immune system provides resistance to disease
Recognizes harmful substances that enter the body
Protects body with its two types of immunity:
innate and adaptive
inhibit spread of invaders
attacks particular foreign substances
Anatomy of the Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is divided into 2 groups
Secondary lymphoid organs
Spleen:
it fights invading germs in the blood, it controls the level of blood cells, it filters the blood and removes any old or damaged red blood cells
Tonsils:
they can stop germs entering the body through the mouth or the nose
Lymph nodes:
Lymph nodes are glands that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through them. The nodes filter out the damaged cells and cancer cells.
Appendix:
has been viewed as an organ with no real function. But new research supports the idea that the appendix may indeed serve a purpose: to protect beneficial bacteria living in our intestines
Peyer's patches:
monitor intestinal bacteria populations and preventing the growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines
Primary lymphoid organs
Thymus:
Within the thymus lymphocytes or T cells mature
Red bone marrow:
This type of bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which are the stem cells that form blood cells
Innate vs. Adaptive immune defenses
Adaptive (specific) immunity
Third line of defense
attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to
react than innate)
Humoral immunity:
B Cells
Cellular immunity:
T Cells
It is
specific:
recognizes and targets specific antigens
Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Constitutes
first and second lines of defense
First line of defense:
external body membranes (skin and mucosae)
Second line of defense:
antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, fever (inhibit spread of invaders)
Antigens vs. Antibodies
Antibodies
Your body produces
antibodies to fight antigens
, or harmful substances, and tries to eliminate them
Antibodies do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
Five major classes of antibodies:
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE
Antigens
Antigens are substances that cause an immune response
in the body by identifying substances in or markers on cells
Targets of all adaptive immune responses
Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in body
Cells involved in the immune system
Phagocytes:
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells
B Cells:
B cells are at the center of the humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin
Cytotoxic T cells:
kills cancer cells, cells that are infected, or cells that are damaged in other ways
Helper T cells:
help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested antigens, but they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells
Neutrophils:
express and release cytokines, which in turn amplify inflammatory reactions. In addition, recruit and activate other cells of the immune system
NK cells:
control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
Dendritic cells:
Their main function is to process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to the T cells of the immune system
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Immunodeficiency:
congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production
of immune cells or molecules
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome:
genetic defect with marked
deficit in B and T cells
Hodgkin’s disease
is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells,which depresses lymph node cells and thus leads to immunodeficiency
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
cripples immune system by interfering
with activity of helper T cells
Autoimmune disease
results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from
foreign