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Deep Structure, Constituent, Generative Grammar, Transformations, Phrase…
Deep Structure
Definition: Chomsky's claim that a few simple rules can generate all the deep structure sentences. 
Characteristics: People produce variations on these deep structures using a 2nd set of rules to transform deep structures into different surface structures.
Example: Statements can be changed to questions in different ways. "today is Wednesday" can be changed to "Is today Wednesday?"
Non-examples: Surface structure, the level represented by people's language output.
Constituent
Characteristics: Phrases serve as constituents in a sentence, subject or object
Definition: a group of words that serves a specific function
Examples: subject or object in a sentence ("The teacher has developed creative linguistics") in this example, the teacher is the subject
Non-Examples: Clauses, syntax, generative grammar
Generative Grammar
Definition: Type of grammar to describe language in terms of a set of rules to create a number of sentences in a language.
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Examples: Rules such as prepositional phrases to produce infinite number of phrases using the rule (in the zoo, near the table, in the window)
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Transformations
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Characteristics: Sentences can undergo more than one kind of transformation. Transformations can involve moving parts of the sentence or adding/deleting parts.
Examples: Transformations can form a positive sentence and another can form a question. "she was given an A by her favorite teacher" and "did her favorite teacher give her an A?"
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Phrase Structure Rules
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Characteristics: Attempt to specify how the phrases in a clause are structured and ordered.
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