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post independence - Coggle Diagram

- - - - IN 1980 - became BJP
  - - - replaced governers
      - discredited all cg achievements
      - appointed shah commission - to look into bad steps taken by indira during emergency to punish her, commission had faithful people of janata dal
- - - - 6 technology missions - key man behind these - sam petroda
        
        literacy
        
        drinking water
        
        expanding oil production
        
        immunisation of children and pregnant women
        
        white revolution
        
        1 telephone to every village
      - rajiv - though i missed on industrial revolution but it will not miss out ICT revolution
  - - - 1987 - SL launched operation liberation to end LTTE in jaffna - killed many tamilians
      - pressure from south indian states to centre
      - centre provided livelihood support to people in jaffna
      - rajiv met prabhakaran - asked him to surrender after rajiv was to broker peace with SL
      - indo-SL accord signed b/w rajiv and jayawardhan(SL's PM)
        
        nothern and eastern provinces of SL to be merged into single province
        
        substantial devolution of power to tamilians
        
        LTTE would be dissolved and arms will be surrendered
        
        IPKF(indian peace keeping forces) will come to aid of SL if required
    - - however accord failed as LTTE refused to surrender
      - i govt had to send IPKF - control of jaffna by IPKF through - operation "pawan"
      - i govt got involved as it was fighting against its own people
      - later however IPKF was withdrawn in phased manner but it created for assasination of rg in 1991
- - - - members
        
        kamraj
        
        atulya ghosh
        
        SK patil
        
        nijalingappa
        
        NS reddy
      - wanted to appoint a docile PM - syndicates chose shastri(honest, not asertive, docile personality)
  - - - 1962 war - diversion of resources - less scope for socio-eco upliftment- lead to poverty
      - 2 consecutive years of draught(62, 63) - less agri productivity - food shortage - poverty
    - - political leadership failed to address above crisis
      - shastri
        
        not as respected as nehru, didn't enjoy nehru like stature
        
        not a quick decision maker
  - - - from pakistani side - boost to pak
        
        i ill-prepared for war
        
        1962 defeat
        
        post war crisis
        
        sakshgam tract(north - b/w aksai chin and gilgit baltistan) - in PoK - gave to china - to seek c's support in case of indo-pak war
        
        pak openly allied with US - given sophisticated weapons by US for free
        
        i was refused by US to buy its defence equipments
      - internal crisis/kashmir issue
        
        land reforms being implemented - hindu zamindars of jammu revolted under 'prajaparishad party' led by premnath dogra
        
        issue nationalised by shyama prasad mukherjee - decided to carry out a rally in which he will basically negate idea of art 370
        
        he also demanded withdrawl of special priveges to jnk andgave slogan'1 nation 1 c 1 flag'
        
        meanwhile, mukherjee was arrrested by abdullah and unfortunately he died inside jail - communal violence and riots all over india
        
        when sheikh abdullah was contemplating the US offer of demand of separate kashmir, indian authority took actiona and nehru in connivance with sadr-i-riyasat(gov) removed abdullah and appointed ghulam mohd bakshi as next wazir-i-azam(CM)
        
        during shastri period, abdullah and other decedent leaders created unrest in kashmir vally
      - precipitating factor
        
        attack on rann of kutch(in NE gujarat - maeshy terrain) by pak - they thought i will retaliate after which we(pak) will start full fledged war in kashmir
        
        weak i response - i persuaded british PM harold wilson to intervene -suggested estd of tribunal
        
        tribunal estd to look into runn of kuctch distribution
        
        pak's operation gibralter in kashmir to evoke pro-pak uprising to disintegrate kashmir from india - but nobody in kashmir bought the idea as they were pro-kashmir - operation failed
        
        akhnoor - i military base - supplies arms to j&k - pak thought of occupying it to cut supply to i forces in j&k - operation grand slam - but i army encircled area when pak tried occupying it - operation failed
        
        i opened 2nd front in/from punjab - pka forces diverted and operation grandslam failed - i captured 1920 sq km in pak while pak captured 540 sq km in i - i captured haji pir(strategcaly imp) - i on verge of winning war
        
        US couldnt help pak - was involvd in vietnam
        
        china - was stopped by russia from supporting pak - russia said - if i had to fight battle at 2 fronts russia willl enter into the war from indian side
        
        russia asked i to ceasefire
        
        i agreed due to russsia's appeal and flawed(became known later) mlitary assement that i has exhasted all its resouces and cesegfire is not a bad option
        
        pak persuaded international community to intervene as such russia brokered the peace - led to tashkent agreement b/w i and pak
        
        tashkent agreement
        
        both sides agreed to withdraw from all the occupied terrotries and return to pre war position
        
        i agreed to unfavourable terms as other option would have been resumption of mutualy disastrous war and losing support of soviet on kashmir issue
  - - - some already disscussed above
      - US stopped PL480 program under which we were importing food grains form USA
    - - at a rally in urba village, allahbad - shastri gave this slogan
      - he also emphasised on the importance of kitchen garden and proposed the idea of fasting 1ce a week
      - agri crisis of this period created the background o green revolution
- - - - shastri died in tashkent during tashkent agreement
      - syndicates hold power - glzari lal nanda (syndicate) - wanted to become PM, morarji desai - also wanted to become PM- asked t conduct internal elections within cg, kamraj(very imp leader) alos wanted to become PM but took his nomination bak as he didnt k now both hindi and english
      - indira told dwarka prashad mishra(close associate of gandhi parivar) to become PM - dwarka manipulated kamraj to bid for indira as she was passve and kamraj himself would hold actual power
      - internal elections eld - indira chosen
      - IMF pressuried i to devalue ruppee - indira agreed - but it hurt economy as was importing nation - BoP worsened - bad decision(not a woorry for syndicates) by indira and without taking the view of syndicates(this was big issue)
    - - ssue with cg
        
        corruption after nehru
        
        defections also happenening
        
        too much socialism - no freedom for private plyers, capitalism
        
        factionalism engulfed cg - reflected in distribution of ticketsinternal rift b/w indira nd syndicates
      - cg lost majority in 8 states
      - 1st wave of coalition emerged at state level - this was phase of horse trading and defection - coalition govts formed. eg: b/w 1967-70 there were 7 govt changrs in bihar and 4 in UP, even the princs defected form the cg
    - - background
        
        power dynamics
        
        syndicates
        
        indira
        
        slightly left of the centre(russia, socialists, increase role of govt)
        
        dev through planning
        
        1 more item...
        
        slightly right of the centre(they want better reltions with USA, caitalist, emphasise privatisation)
        
        wanted to abolish planning
        
        trickle down approach
      - precipating factor
        
        death of president zakir hussain
        
        syndicates wanted their own cadidate neelam sanjeeva reddy as president to corner indira
        
        indira was aware of the fact that neelam was fielded to corner her - indira's candidate - VV giri
        
        when syndicates requested jansangh for 2nd prefernce vote for reddy, indira complained that it is ploy of syndicates to topple her govt
        
        in this scenerio she declared that no candidate has been fielded by cg and MPs are free to vote acc to their conciouns - she also said she is going to vote for vv giri - ultimately election held- vv giri won
        
        syndicstes decided to expel indira from party - factions created - cg(o)(organisation) and cg(r)(requisitionist)
  - - - background
        
        religion was horizontal and only connect b/w e and w pak
        
        culturally dif
        
        language - urdu(w) and bngali(e)
        
        greivances of e pak
        
        demand of bengai as official language
        
        all elite positions in army and admin were held by w pak people
        
        weak and poor admin in e pak
        
        revenue generated from export of jute(produced in e pak) was used for w pak
      - sheik mujibur rahman created awami league party - face of protest for separate nation
      - in the general elections of pak - awami league secured 167 out of 313 seats
      - it demanded major stake in creating the c of pak
      - but it was outrightly refused by w pak forces
      - it led to resentment among the e pak people
      - precipitating factor
        
        bhola cyclone hit e pak - weak response from w pak and ver negligent support was provided -
        
        e pak people were fed up of step motherly treatment and awami league decided to launch non violent civil disobidience movement
        
        they demanded that they have the right to form govt and create c
        
        as a result w pak on 25 march 1971 launced operation searchlight against e pak people
        
        brutal killings, loot and rape of e pak people
        
        in the fear of brutalitiies and killings e pak people started to enter inside i to seek refuge
        
        within few days near about 10 lakh regugees entered inside i
        
        i response
        
        indira felt to intervene in the war
        
        in cabinet ministers and army officers meeting, it was deciideed that india will not enter in the war before winters and in the meantime it will garner international support for the cause of bangladesh and its liberation
        
        at this time, i wanted explicit support of russia - as a result i-russia friendship and peace cooperation treaty was signed
        
        as per one of the cluase of this treaty -russia was supposed to send militaer support to i in case of any external war
        
        also i wanted to buy some time to support to E pak force - mukti vahini
        
        it provided ample amount of training , amrs and ammunitation to fight their batttle in e pak
        
        i wanted to reserve its forces ffor any probable attack on w borders
        
        pak forces attacked i on 3rd dec 1971 at longewal
        
        i was so well prepared that pak forces were not able to make any further move
        
        moreover i imposed air blockade in indian air space so that all the supplies to the army in east pak is cut
        
        at this moment, USA called for ceasefire mutual withdrawl of armies
        
        it moved 2 resolutions in UN assembly which were immediatley vetoed by soviet
        
        USA tried to intervene through china and hence it sent henry kissinger to china but chinese govt did not respond
        
        due to increasing pressure US decided to intervene in war through gun goat diplomacy(use of naval power and resources to intimidate enemy country), USA sent its 7th operssating fleet in BoB, in its respose soviet fielded its 10th operatinf fleet in the middle of BoB.
        
        this gave i forces enough time and finally they pressuries w pak forces stationed in e pak to surrender. i officers explicitly forwarded the condition that not only pak army must surrender but it must surrender in public at dhaka racecourse. as a result 1 lakh pak soldiers surrendered on 16 dec 971
        
        it was the shortest war - hardly 13 days and very humiliating for pak
        
        after this war "indira became i and i became indira"
      - analysis
        
        i regained its lost pride and self respect
        
        personal/political gain for indira
        
        refugee problem got resolvred
        
        it demonstrated the strength of indian secularism - that its for muslims of other country
        
        big blow to the 2 nation theory
      - simla agreement 1972
        
        i agreed to return the prisoners of war(56000) provided pak recognised bangladesh (indira forgot to ask for its prisoners of war(56))
        
        i agreed to returm pak terroritires it had occupied except some strategic positions in kashmir
        
        pak agreed to respect NJ9842 In kashmir - here it became LoC
        
        2 countries to settle their diputed thrrough bilateral negotions without any external interventions
  - - - 1971 war - diversion of resouces
      - 2 consecutive years of draught - 72, 73 - led to fodd shortage - price rise - poverty - decreased purchasing power capacity - decline in the demand of goods - industrial recession - unemployment
      - global oil crisis - impacted lower and middle class
      - largest strike in indian history happened - All i railway strike
      - 2 issues which recieved the attention of people - price rise and high level of corruption among politicians and administration
    - - gujarat unrest
        
        started by students of gujarart
        
        issue/why - price rise and corruption
        
        their demand - dissolution of state assembly and announcement of fresh elections
        
        govt response
        
        dissolved state assembly
        
        didnt annonce fresh elections insteat imposed president rule
        
        now, morarji desai who was already getting old sat on fast unto death
        
        to avoid any unfortunate incident, indira announced fresh elections
        
        success of gujarat unrest created domino effect and it inspired bihar unrest
    - - leadership - JP narayan
      - mass - students
      - issue - same
      - demand - same
      - govt response
        
        indira outrightly refused to dissolve state assembly and conduct of fresh elections
      - after sometime, bihar unrest wasnt geting enough support(reopening of school) as a result JP decided to take this movement to the national level and it came to be known as JP movement
    - - objective
        
        to end courrption
        
        to defend democracy which was under threat due to authoritarian leadership of indira
      - ideology
        
        total revolution ideology - ie struggle against a system which has compelled everyone to go corrupt
        
        he demanded govt should resign and people's parallel govt should be estd and there must not be any tax
        
        intention was good but a flawed ideology
      - participants
        
        students, middle class and opposition political party
        
        poor people didnt participate as they didnt understand total revolution
      - after 1st phase of movement, it became flat and lost fervour by 1974 since it failed to attract the poor and student went back to their colleges
      - however allahbad HC judgement in rajnarain vs indira gandhhi case which declared indira election invalid on grounds of corruption(she used state machinery in her election campaign) revived JP movement
      - indira challenged judment in SC which allowed her to hold the position of PM till final judgement but it barred her from voting process in parliament
      - now, JP didnot wait for final judgement, on 25th june 1975 he conducted a rally in delhi and made an appeal to bearaeucrats, police and army to not adhere to the dictats of indira gandhi
      - basically, he was asking them to rebel. he also announced that on 29th of june, he will be carrying out a civil obidience movement
      - in the midnight of 25th june, 1975 indira declared emergency on grounds of internal unrest
      - analysis
        
        movement was flawed wrt composition, action and philosophy of its leader
        
        composition - all opposition paries having diff ideology and their only purpose was to topple the govt
        
        action - agitational methods adopted were undemocratic for eg: asking army and police to rebel
        
        idelogy - leader talked about total revolution and partyless and demcracy, which was feared that it might encourage distrust towards democratic institutions
    - - rationale
        
        i's stability, security, integrity and democracy were endangered due to disruptive character of JP movement
        
        oppositon was accused of inciting armed forces and police to rebel
        
        disruption due to JP movement - dev of poor halted
        
        there was a fear of external intervention(from pak) with the intention to destabilise i
      - overall analysis
        
        arrest of main leaders
        
        suspension of FRs
        
        press was censored
        
        certain organisations like RSS and CPI(ML) were banned
        
        federal provisions of C were suspended
        
        powers of judiciary were curtailed under 42nd CAA
        
        internal democracy was crippled in cg - indira took all decisions solely without cabinet
      - 1st phase
        
        acceptance among the public wrt emergency due to
        
        action against anti social elements
        
        return of normal and orderly life
        
        improvement in economy
        
        ggood monsoonal rain and agri productivity
        
        20 point program for socio economic upliftment of the poor
        
        sligh reduce in corruption
      - 2nd phase
        
        however towards later stages people became disillusioned
        
        eco growth was not sustained
        
        agri output declined
        
        anti social elements resumed their acts
        
        cg failed to create new agencies of social change - they werent doing anything for welfare of people
        
        abuse of power by bureaucrats and police
        
        loss of trust over censored press
        
        dev of extra C centre of power under sanjay gandhi - his initiative of forced sterlisationa dn slum clearance backfired
        
        finally 1977 election were announced and for the 1st time cg was voted out of power from the centre
      - question - wrt emergency 1975, discuss response among the masses. also highlight why it was considered as dark period of i democracy
  - - - precipitating factor
        
        1979 - state elections announced
        
        assam natives got info that large no. of illegal migrants from bangladesh have become registered voters in assam
        
        had fear of them acquiring dominant role in assam politics, hence
        
        3rd force - asom gana sangram parishad
        
        3 demands
        
        seal assam border
        
        delete migrants names from voters list
        
        deport them back to their regions - till then
        
        until all this, elections to be postponed
        
        govt rejected - conducted elections
        
        resentment in assamese- large scale ethnic violence
        
        president rule imposed(79-85)
      - causes for crisis in assam
        
        step motherly treatment to NE by govt - underdev of assam - assamese had unfair treatment by centre -like - allocation of funds, location of industry and neglect of overall dev
        
        historical - when assam created and even from colonial times- bengalis(educated) migrated due to eco opportunities - occupied public and private(tea plantations) jobs - dominance of benglasi
        -threat to assamese language and culture - feeling of alienation and relative deprivation among assamese - demanded assamese to be declared official language - agreed by govt in 1961 - issues occured
        
        garo khasi jaintia (meghalaya was part of assam) resented - meghalaya made separate state
        
        hill tribes within assam demanded autonomy - autonomous councils formed
        
        assamese felt that dev and consolidation of wider assamese identity was prevented due to central govt decision to separate tribal areas from assam
        
        illegal migration - altered demographic profile of assam
      - assam accord 1985 with rajiv gandhi govt
        
        illegal migranrts entered till 1961 will be given citizenship
        
        b/w 1961-24th march 1971 - to be given citizenship but voting rights after 10 yers
        
        after 25march 1971 - to be deported back
        
        after this - second oil refinery, IIT guhati estd/opened in assam
    - - post 1971 - sheik abdullah dev cordial relations with centre and became CM in 1975
      - 1982 - he died - his son farukh abdullah(secular but inexperienced) became CM
      - abdullah govt toppled(by coup) by his brother in law ghulam mohd shah(communal) - shah became CM
      - shah adressed a rally in jammu(hindu majority) where he declared that he is going to construct shah mosque in the vicinity of famous hindu temple
      - resentment in jammu
      - shah immediately returned to srinagar and annonced that islam is in danger
      - attacks on kashmiri pundits - exodus from valley
      - 1986 - centre removed shah and president rule imposed
      - 1987 - farukh again became CM - but failed to manage politics and admin in the state
      - led to emergence of 2 new players in the politics of j&k
        
        separatist - all j&k liberation front
        
        terrorist org - hijbul muzahiddin (burhanvani part of it)
    - - background
        
        1920 - young sikhs(called akalis) started akali movement(religious reform movment) - against hegemony of corrupt mahants who goverened gurudwaras
        
        shiromani gurudwara prabhandak committee(SGPC) act - passed in 1921 and enacted/implemented in 1925
        
        created democratically elected SGPC to govern gurudwaras
        
        created 4 takhts
        
        highest - golden temple
        
        3 - patnasahib, maharashtra, keshganjsahib(punjab)
        
        post independence -political aspirations dev - contested 1950 state elections - got only 14/126 seats
        
        1953 - master tarasingh - conducted all i akali conference - said
        -religion and politics couldnt be separated as 2 are essentially combined in sikhism - hence demanded separate state of punjab centred around religious philosophy
        
        centre(nehru) rejected communal demand
        
        sant fateh singh gave assurance to centre that demand is linguistic and not communal
        
        hindi speaking political and social organisations were demanding separate state haryana
        
        1966 - punjab and haryana state created
      - precipitating factor
        
        centre - chandigarh to be common capitall of both
        
        akalis against it
        
        centre didnt listen - chandigarh made UT
        
        1967 state elections held - akalis didnt come to power (reason - 60% sikh(35 were pure sikh and 25 were majhabi(dalit converts of hinduism - voted to cg ) sikhs) and 40% hindus(voted to cg))
        
        1972 - anandpur sahib resolution by akalis - demanded
        
        give chandigarh to punjab
        
        declare punjabi as 2nd official language in neighbouring states
        
        increase sikh representation in i army
        
        industrialise punjab
        
        1980 elections - they lost again (got<25% seats)
        
        akalis frustated - sant longewal(head) - communalised religious politics of akalis
        
        centre decided to undercut akalis
        
        initially jarnail singh bhindrawala was used by cg to undercut akalis, jowever later he started terrorist campaign and demanded khalistan
        
        he gave a call for separation and armed struggle against indian state, he was fighting for political and ideological hegemony over the people of punjab (he got support and amrs from pak)
        
        in this scenerio - on 3rd june 1984 - operation blue star launched and bhindrawala killed
        
        however bhindrawala emerged as revolutionary among the youth of punjabwhich finally created grounds for assasination of indira on 31 oct 1984
      - q - in the context of punjab crisis it can be argued that language, rligion and regionalism combined into an explosive situation which political elites struggled to contain. examine
- - - - written in society notes
  - - - no first use
      - no further test
      - no use against non nuclear State
- - - - creation of 2 dominions
      - setup of redcliffe commission for boundary
      - 15th august - proposed as the day of independence
      - lapse of paramountcy - end of relationship b/w british crown and princely states, estd of 'status quo ante'
    - - to sign instrument of accession (IoA) with any of the dominion
      - surrendering of only 3 subjects - defence, foreign relations and communications
      - rest subjects - autonomy of PS.
    - - internal crisis
        
        suppression of people, autocratic rule
        
        economic burden on people - due to high taxes
        
        no dev work by princes, state revenues spent on luxurious lifestyle of prince
        
        this reluctance - due to immunity provided by britishers both against internal and external threat
      - external pressure
        
        during nationalist movement, cg promised full responsible govt - awakened local people
        
        clause of lapse of paramountcy created grounds for accession of PS
      - leadership in PS
        
        emergence of praja mandals
    - - pre-independence
        
        travancore
        
        in kerela, strategically imp (maritime trade) and resource rich(monazite), literate people
        
        local leadership by kerela socialist congress party - convinced public to join india
        
        dewan CP ramaswamy - was attached by local people and forcefully signed IoA
        
        bhopal
        
        hindu majority , muslim ruler - hamidullah khan
        
        mountbatten pressurised him, khan signed IoA
        
        jodhpur
        
        majority and ruler (hanumant singh) - hindu
        
        singh once thought of joining with pak but talks with jinnah failed (sigh wanted to consult rajmata)
        
        he signed IoA
      - post-independence
        
        junagarh
        
        in gujarat, hindu majority, muslim ruler - mahabat khan, real ruler(dewan) - shahnawaz bhutto - joined pak on 15th august
        
        acceptance of junagarh in pak by jinnah agitated patel to say - 'ab sardar se koi kashmir le nahi sakta' as before this he had view of kashmir going into pak
        
        sardar patel view on PS on boundary - hindu majority areas to go to i and muslim to pak - whatever be the religion of ruler
        
        internal rebellian by people, pak didnt send military support - khan fled and bhutto signed IoA
        
        feb 1948 - plebiscite conducted (mistake of patel - later kashmir would want to conduct same) - in favour of i
        
        hyderabad
        
        very big(86000 sq km), in middle of i, richest PS, had its own army, hindu majority and muslim ruler - mir usman ali - communal leader
        
        internal forces/leaderships
        
        telengana state cg - wanted to join i
        
        majlis-e-ettehad-ul-musalmeen - wanted to preserve hegemony of muslims
        
        communist party - working for up-liftment of peasants
        
        to control 1st and 3rd force, spokesperson of Hyderabad - Qasim Rizvi created a paramilitary force - Razakars(fanatics - killed/persecuted hindus)
        
        talks b/w Hyderabad and cg but it refused to negotiate its freedom
        
        10th sept 1948 - last opportunity given to nizam , 13th sept - operation polo launched, 17th sept - nizam signed IoA, also razakars declared illegal and Rizvi was arrested
        
        kashmir
        
        culturally heterogenous, very big - regions
        
        Jammu - hindu majority
        
        kashmir - muslim
        
        gilgit - muslim
        
        leh ladhak - buddhist
        
        baltistan - muslim
        
        dogra rulers, ruler - maharaja Hari singh (communal leader)
        
        sheikh abdullah (secular person) - created All J&K muslim conference in1932, renamed to National conference in 1938
        
        1946 - he made appeal to Hari Singh to quit and power to be given to people for self determination
        
        Abdullah arrested on sedition charges
        
        poonch crisis
        
        1936 - Singh imposed tax affecting pastoralist class(mostly muslims)
        
        after WW2, there was subjective realisation of objective reality - hindu appeasement
        
        later, poonch muslims rebelled against Singh
        
        15th august 1947 - singh signed standstill agreement with pak, i refused to sign(decide now only)
        
        apprehension in pak - it broke agreement on 22nd oct - and planned tribal invasion (route - muzzafrabad - uri - mahuta(they blew power station here) - baramullah( srinagar only 32 km from here, but they stayed here for 24 hours(looted,raped) - srinagar(never reached due to indian forces)
        
        due to poonch crisis, muslims at mahuta supported the tribals -singh requested patel to send forces -but mountbatten insisted on signing IoA first
        
        as a result on 26th oct - singh signed IoA
        
        jinaah unhappy with this - said 'i has taken kashmir with fraud" - he waited for the departure of joint military head of i and pak - field marshall Oakenlake
        
        in may 1948 - pak sent its army and captured gilgit and baltistan - nehru approached UN - zaffrullah khan (wonderful orator) convinced UN that "kashmir is unsettled business of partition of i and pak" - resulted into a temporary ceasefire line called NJ9842(LoC)
    - - 291
        
        related to privy purse whereby 8.5% of annual revenue of state was given to the PSs coming under that state
        
        also said - amount can neither be increased or decreased
      - 362
        
        related to right to preserve the palace and title
  - - - C - art 366 - defines STs as such tribes which under art 342 are deemed to be STs for the purpose of the C
      - homogenous, unstratified community, geographically isolated, unique culture, distinct means of livelihood and shyness of contact
    - - pre british
        
        t resided in hill and forest areas
        
        their isolation and uniqueness was respected/preserved
      - during british
        
        radical transformation
        
        isolation eroded by penetration of market forces
        
        money lenders, traders, middlemen invaded t areas and disrupted their traditional lives
        
        debt trap and loss of ownership of land
        
        reduced to status of labour, tenant or sharecropper
        
        Christian missionaries destroyed their art, culture and traditions
        
        british passed forest laws - for forest conservation and trade - for-bided shifting cultivation, restricted from using and collecting forest produce
        
        emergence of 3rd force - led to subjective realisation of objective reality - led to revolts - santhal, munda etc
      - post british
        
        how to deal
        
        two theories
        
        isolation policy
        
        by verrier elwin
        
        create national parks - t can live safely without being victims of unregulatrd process of belief and civilisation
        
        criticism - looked t as animals in a zoo instead of helping them to utilise resources of modern knowledge and dev their living conditions
        
        assimilation policy
        
        by G.S. Ghurye
        
        considers t as backward hindu
        
        hence - they need to brought in the fold of mainstream society
        
        what was adopted
        
        integrated policy - controlled integration
        
        by nehru in 1952
        
        aka t panchsheel
        
        develop acc to their 'own genius'
        
        respect their land and forest rights
        
        train t team (outsiders) who will train some tribal people, ie t team to work as guide for dev
        
        respect t culture and dev process should not disturb it
        
        index of t dev should be the quality of life and not the money spent
    - - C
        
        definition - 342, 366
        
        political rights
        
        330 - parliament
        
        332 - state assembly
        
        243D - rural local body
        
        243T - urban local body
        
        edu and eco rights
        
        15, 16, 46, 335
        
        admin convenience - 5th and 6th schedule
        
        cultural rights - 29
        
        agency to monitor - 338A(national commission of STs)
      - laws/ legal safeguards
        
        FRA, 2006
        
        PESA,1996
        
        prevention of atrocities act 1989
    - - issues
        
        historic issue - bengal frontier act 1873 - restricted outsiders from NE
        
        all states have international borders - illegal migration - affects demography (t in majority in NE), livelihood and culture, political dynamics
        
        connectivity problem (23 km narrow siliguri corridor) - inhibit dev efforts
    - - ineffectiveness of state govt in administering the policy
      - ill-trained personeel wrt tribal governance
      - missappropriation of funds
      - lack of awareness among t wrt their rights and entitlements
      - dev led displacement policy
      - neglect of primary edu in t language
      - t retreating in inaccessible forests - ineffective service delivery
      - one size fit all approach - failed to acknowledge emergence of class element within t
    - - hierarchy
        
        t zamindars - status given by britishers to lobby for forest produce - minuscule popn
        
        middle class t - emerged due to english+scientific edu - got jobs under british govt - minuscule popn
        
        labour/tenant/sharecropper t - large popn
      - this hierarchy continued post british
      - debhar commission 1973 - to study status of t in IS
        
        t aren't homogenous
        
        highly deprived and marginalised section within t - called PVTGs (75) - criterion
        
        0 or -ve popn growth
        
        very poor literacy level
        
        primitive technology used
    - - 2013 verginious xaxa committee recom
        
        FRA - gram sabha's nod necessary for acquiring t land - mostly bypassed - hence its power needs to be increased wrt land alienation -
        
        unused acquired land (by eg: private company etc) should be used for t rehabilitation
        
        on the lines of Andhra pradesh - give mining rights to t cooperatives
        
        instead of large dams, construct small HEP and small water harvesting structures to address displacement and submergence(eg: idukki dam disaster) issues
        
        impose penalty on officials for delayed implementation of FRA or PESA
        
        t considered naxals when they raise issues - hence appoint judicial commission to investigate naxal cases registered against t
        
        6th schedule - in any case of discretion, decision of SL will be applicable over that of autonomous council - hence increase their autonomy
  - - - world peace
      - national dev
      - help all colonial and ex-colonial nations in their struggle
      - peaceful co-existence aka foreign policy panchsheel
    - - objectives
        
        world peace
        
        to face the challenges confronting world
        
        growth and dev
        
        to fight exploitation and injustice
      - emergence
        
        brassels conference 1927
        
        joined by colonies - decided to unite and fight for peoples' right for self determination
        
        delhi conference 1947
        
        theme - asian independence and its assertions at world stage
        
        korea war 1947-54
        
        1945 - ww2 over after bombs dropped
        
        japan receded from korea (its colony) - korea got divided
        
        N/S korea - under influence of socialist(soviet)/capitalist(US) powers
        
        1948 - N korea crossed 38th parallel line(soviet support)
        
        US moved (1st)resolution in UN - N korea is aggressor
        
        i supported US
        
        2nd US resolution - S korea to attack N, i did not support
        
        S korea entered N and even crossed yalu river to enter china
        
        china moved resolution - US and S korea are aggressor, i supported china
        
        benefit - i made chairman of neutral nations repatriation commission(sends UN peace keeping force when there is war like situation)
        
        bandung conference 1955
        
        1st afro-asian conference - to promote - eco-cultural cooperation to oppose colonialism and neo-colonialism(capitalism)
        
        NAM preamble let down
        
        suez canal (in egypt)crisis 1956
        
        constantinople convention 1888 - suez canal to be part of egypt, europian nations will pay user fee(though britain and france provided money for constn)
        
        later egypt - joined NAM
        
        britain and france pressurised egypt to withdraw
        
        egypt didnt listen - britain and france stopped paying user fee
        
        messy situation
        
        london conference - i(nehru) proposed - control of suez canal given to egypt and users of canal given advisory role
        
        hungary crisis 1959
        
        hungary - part of warsaw pact(soviet block)
        
        movement by hungary to withdraw
        
        soviet brutally suppressed it
        
        resolution in UN
        
        i criticised soviet but abstained from voting(as it wanted soviet support on kashmir issue)
        
        congo cisis 1960
        
        belgium colony
        
        1960 - independence
        
        PM(influenced by soviet), president(US) and army(belgium)
        
        in this situation - katanga district demanded freedom
        
        PM killed amidst all this
        
        i(nehru) brokered peace - to maintain congo's independence/sovereignty
        
        belgrade conference 1961
        
        finally NAM got political recognition
        
        indo-china war 1962
      - rationale behind NAM
        
        after WW2, world divided into 2 power blocks
        
        nehru - newly independent nations of asia and africa will gain nothing by aligning with any of the power blocks
        
        reactions
        
        soviet looked NAM with suspicion
        
        USA commented - its an "immoral neutrality"
        
        nehru's reply - "non alignment doesn't refer to neutrality but the freedom to decide on each and every issue on the basis of its merit"
        
        Hence NAM symbolises - struggle of nations to ensure sovereignty, integrity and independence
        
        relevance today - mainly its ideological component
    - - 1950s - c captured tibet and became i's immediate neighbour
      - border disputed
        
        aksai chin
        
        initially ruled by sikh confederacy - removed by britishers in early 1800s - came under british i
        
        johnson line created - aksai chin part of i
        
        later mcartney mcdonald (c symphathiser) - created mcartney mcdonald line - gave aksai chin to c
        
        NEFA(NE frontier agency)
        
        1907 - anglo-russian treaty - anything concerning tibet must be with consensus of c
        
        1914 - shimla agreement to be signed wrt mcmohan line - invited participants - british i, tibet and c - but c did not participate
        
        zhou enli(c's premiere) - promoted c as peaceful border nation
        
        1954 - indo-c friendship treaty
        
        panchsheel principle - to guide i-c relations
        
        i recognised tibet as integral part of c
        
        1956 - c's atrocities on tibet - dalai lama seeks asylum from i - i refused
        
        1957 - c builds road in aksai chin - i resisted/complained
        
        c's proposal - give us aksai chin and we will recognise macmohan line as border
        
        nehru in parliament - no need to fight for barren land(supported c) - but due to opposition pressure - nehru backtraced( ie, wont let aksai chin go) - i-c talks failed
        
        1959 - dalai lama seeks asylum - i agreed on humanitarian grounds
        
        precipitating factor - i adopts forward policy around mcmohan line(by BM kaul - move into c's side of buffer zone to cut its supply) - policy backfired - c attacks - war starts(for 1 month)
        
        i not prepared - also c had huge army - c takes control of all arunachal pradesh and half assam
        
        c declared unilateral ceasefire after end of cuban crisis(b/w US and russia) - hence no agreement signed - c returns back - behind mcmohan line but refused to give away aksai chin
        
        implications
        
        irony - attack not by capitalist but a socialist country(i itself socialist) - big blow to i's self-respect
        
        diversion of resources - affected 3rd 5 year plan
        
        right wing criticised nehru - no confidence motion against him (though he won) - his health deteriorated post it
        
        china's compulsion for starting war
        
        failure of 'great leap forward' policy(focus on industrialisation)
        
        growing significance of i in global politics
        
        declining soviet-china relations
- - - - commercialisation of agri (during b times- cotton, indigo, jute, tea, coffee, sugarcane plantations etc)
        
        TSR subramaniam committee recom on edu(policy), 2016
        
        admin
        
        reserve 25% seats in minority schools for EWS category
        
        spending = 6% of GDP
        
        estd indian education services - immediate control of state govt and cadre control by HRD ministry
        
        preschool
        
        pre-school edu for 4-5 age to be declared right by amending RTE
        
        primary(till clas 5)
        
        no detention policy
        
        upper primary
        
        restore detention system subject to coaching and 2 chances
        
        secondary/senior secondary
        
        on demand board exams to reduce stress
        
        extend MDM scheme to secondary classes
        
        higher edu
        
        repeal UGC and new law to govern higher edu
        
        govt to allow top 200 foreign universities to open campuses across i
        
        restrictions on campus politics
        
        reduce govt interference in appointments eg: of vice chancellors
        
        teachers
        
        mandatory licensing/certification (renewal every 10 years based on independent external testing) for both govt and private teachers
        
        teacher entrance test to be made compulsory for recruiting teachers
      - differentiation among peasantry - rich, middle-class, poor farmers landless labours
      - capitalistic transformation of agri (in west it provided base for IR) - but it never happened in i - why - because in capitalism profits earned needs to be reinvested in the enterprise - but in i - yield was for subsistence and extra was sold at cheap price in market - so no reinvestment happened - this(lack of capitalistic transformation) (led to)/(happened due to)
        
        absentee landlordism (eg- land owner is in city)
        
        rack renting - charging high for renting land
        
        illegal exactions
      - increasing popn pressure
      - decline/ruining of handicrafts
      - less scope for modern industry
    - - small land holdings
      - fragmented land holdings
      - debt trap
      - petty commodity production - ie prodn of commodities imp of subsistence by majority of farmers(esp poor, middle)
      - traditional methods of agri
    - - institutional reforms
        
        abolition of zamindari(z)
        
        by abolition of z act
        
        the process was completed in democratic manner by 1950s
        
        it was the most successful institutional reform because z as a class became isolated during national movemet
        
        however compensation given to z was subjected to state variation eg: J&K gave no compensation
        
        limitations/challenge
        
        absence of land records with govt
        
        z were permitted to resume all the land on the issue of personal cultivation (it was nowhere defined that what and how much constitutes personal cultivation)
        
        later, 1949 - kumarappa committee - clearly defined what constitutes personal cultivation
        
        on the issue of personal cultivation there was large scale eviction of tanents
        
        resorting to judicial system to defer the implementation of laws by large z
        
        tenancy reforms
        
        obj = safeguard/secure rights of owner, tenant, sharecropper and landless labour
        
        state
        
        owner
        
        owners cant lease out land beacuse of abolition of z system
        
        it also meant one has to do self cultivation
        
        but it may happen that the owner is child, widow, army personnel, disabled person who cannot do personal cultivation- so for them right to lease out land must exist
        
        it may also happen that child is adult, army men is retired and widow is remarried - hence right to resume the land must exist
        
        hence both rights were given
        
        tenant
        
        apart from safeguarding rights of owners it was very imp to safeguard right of tenants(land leased out to tenants where owners bwlong to special category and else also)
        
        right to security of tenure - so that owner cant forcefully take back land before assured time
        
        right to reduction in rent - to prevent rack-renting
        
        right to ownership - if land is leased out for long periods(eg: 15-20 years), some part of the land will be given to tenant
        
        right to voluntary surrender - so that tenant can leave land if he wants to before the end of assured time
        
        most misused - pressurising tenant to surrender the land
        
        though the idea was very good but only problem was regional variation
        
        right to lease out land
        
        in UP, widow soldiers diff abled were allowed
        
        in orissa it was not there/ permitted
        
        in karnataka only soldiers were allowed
        
        right to resume the land
        
        in andhra only 75% land was to be resumed
        
        in bengal <50% land was to be resumed
        
        right to security of tenure
        
        min 5 years of tenural security all over i
        
        however in some places like WB the only time tenants can be evicted was if they stopped paying rent, stopped cultivating or lease out the land too the 3rd party
        
        reduction in the rent
        
        it was reduced to 20-25%(of agri income - paid in cash) in all states
        
        exception - punjab and haryana where rent was allowed till 40% of total agri income
        
        right to ownership
        
        in MP, if tenant pays 15 times the annual rent at one time then he can own the land
        
        in bihar if land was cultivated for>12 years continuously then one becomes the owner of land
        
        right to voluntary surrender
        
        most misused provision
        
        sharecropper
        
        diff with tenant
        
        tenant paid in cash while they paid part of produce
        
        tenancy reforms were not much applicable on them as they didnt pay rent in cash but a fixed produce as a rent
        
        1977 - operation barga was launched in WB - obj - time bound registration of sharecroppers to ensure permanent occupancy, hereditary rights and to ensure crop division in the ratio of 1(to owner):3
        
        however operation barga was politically unvialble due to skewed land man ratio. landlords often rotated land among 2 or more sharecorppers. hence registring all was eco unviable and registering only 1 was ethically incorrect
        
        since the govt legislation was not working in their favour, ownes shifted to oral tenancy - ie sharecropping without registering
        
        landless labour
        
        bhudan movement
        
        started by vinobha bhave
        
        obj = to bring institutional change through social movement and not govt legislation
        
        it was based on idea that avg family of 5 should give 1/6th of the land accepting a poor person as a part of their family
        
        the movement started from telegana in 1951 but by 1956 it lost the momentum
        
        the major lacunae was substantial part of land given was unfit for cultivation or under litigation
        
        gram-daan movement
        
        took shape by 1955
        
        it was based on the idea that land belongs to the god
        
        hence itshould be equally and collectivelly owned
        
        the movement started from orissa and around 4500 villages were acquired
        
        however it was successful in only those areas where class differentiation has not yet emerged aand mostly inhabitated by tribals
        
        overall around 4 million acres land was collected for donation
        
        it was a voluntary movement for which no compensation was given
        
        q
        
        critically exmaine the reasons qwhich led to land reforms in i
        
        briefly discuss to what extent bhdan and gramdaan was a success in post independence period
        
        land ceiling
        
        1946 - all i kisan sabha proposed 25 acres land as ceiling/limit
        
        1949 - kumarappa committee - land ceiling would be 3 times economic land holding(land sufficient of subsistence for family)
        
        1st five year plan
        
        recom of kumarappa committee was accepted but ultimate discretion lied with the state -eg:
        
        eg: collection of data
        
        fixing the ceiling limit
        
        distributing the access land among poor landless people
        
        however till 1959 nothing happened
        
        in 1959 - centre came up with nagpur resolution and it declared the time limit within which the land ceiling has to be implemented
        
        issue
        
        ceiling was imposed on individual and not on family
        
        limit of ceiling was also very high
        
        lot of exemptions were given wrt to land land ceiling eg: cooperatives - resulted into creation of bogus cooperatives
        
        it also led to benami transfers
        
        due to failure of land ceiling it gave rise to agrarian radicalism for eg: land grab movement
        
        it led to emergence of second wave of land reforms
        
        in 1971 - central land reform commission was estd
        
        recom
        
        reduction in ceiling limit
        
        reduction to be applicable on family as a unit
        
        withdrawl of exemptions
        
        wrt to distribution of land priority will be give to SC/STs
        
        cooperatives
        
        definition/concept
        
        nature
        
        autonomous and voluntary association of persons
        
        aim
        
        to meet common economic-social-cultural needs and aspiration,
        
        functioning
        
        through democratically runned enterprises
        
        evolution in i
        
        1949 - kumarappa commitee recommended to enforce the application of setting up various cooperatives
        
        1st 5 year plan - small and medium farmers were encouraged to form cooperatives, it also said that if majority of farmers agree to the decision of forming cooperative then it would be binding on the entire village
        
        1959 - due to over exagerated reports of icereased agri productivity in china due to farming cooperatives led to the declaration in i that future agrarian pattern would be cooperative farming - this announcement was made in nagpur resolution
        
        after nagpur resolution many cg leaders defected fas they werent happy with announcemets like cooperative farming pattern for eg C rajagopalachari created swtantra part in 1959
        
        however the myth wrt china's prodn was busted. as a result in 3rd 5 year plan govt diluted its stand wrt cooperatives
        
        constitutionl provisions
        
        97th CAA - addition of art 43b and 19(1)(c) which stated the rightto form cooperative is a FR
        
        state shall promote voluntary formation, autonomous functioning, democrtic control and professional management of cooperatives
        
        limitations
        
        creation of bogus cooperatives to evade land reforms
        
        the cooperatives were viewed as state sponsered projects(confused sahakari with sarkari) and hence there was no mi=otivation among the farmers to make an kind of investments
        
        in mos of the cooperatives leadership was cornered by well to do families which resulted in grabbing the scarce inputs- acc to RBI report 1969, only 4-6 % credit disbursed by govt was secured by downtrodden, rest all the credit was cornered by the elite section
        
        amul and operation flood
        
        around 1940s - the milk producers of kheda district srarted to supply mil to bombay through many middleman who actually cheated them and reaped benefits
        
        at this point of time, sardar patel suggested them to form a cooperative union to have collective bargaining power whic resulted into creation of KDCMPUL - kheda district cooperative milk producing union ltd
        
        post independence when multi national dir players were emerging, KDCMPUL decided to go for corporatization (ie to create a legal entity) - this requires a brand name and advertisement and hence product name was chosen ie AMUL(anand milk union ltd)
        
        meanwhile they realised that in winters milk prodn was high but demand was less as compared to summers - they decided to diversify milk products (to avoid wastage) - eg: milk powder, butter, cottage cheese etc
        
        reasons for success of AMUL
        
        focus on corporatisation
        
        facility were provided for cattle - 24 hour vetenary services, high quality fodder seads etc
        
        widening the ambit of production areas to capitalise on its resources
        
        democratic funtioning which nver verlooked the intersts of deprived
        
        large scale participation of women
        
        impact of AMUL success
        
        in 1964 - national dairy dev board(NDDB) was estd under the chairmanship of verghese kurien
        
        1970 - NDDB launched operation flood to replicate success of aAMUL in other parts of country
        
        impact of operation flood
        
        annual milk prodn growth icreased from 0.7% to 4%
        
        increased income of milk producers
        
        dairy emerged as an imp activity or source of income esp for poor
        
        NNDB collaborated with SEWA - self employed women's association (also successful in lijjat papad) to estd 6000 women dairy cooperatives leading to women empowerment
        
        women empowerment leads - to child dev and creation for possibility of better nutrition
      - technological reforms
        
        green revolution
        
        +ves
        
        increased agri prodn
        
        commercialisation of agri
        
        economic empowerment
        
        i trasfromerd from food deficit to food surplus nation - now no need to depend on US PS480 program
        
        more procurement by govt
        
        building up large stocks and facilated various welfare programs eg - PDS, MDM
        
        job opportunities in allied sector eg: agri input(like fertilizers), transport sector, warehouses, manufacturing of farm equipments etc
        
        -ves
        
        inter and intra regional disparities/inequality -eg - punjab and haryana outshined other states
        
        cereal(wheat, rice) specific nature
        
        lack of diversified diet
        
        hidden hunger
        
        malnutrition
        
        shortage of other grains
        
        environmental and health impact
        
        overusage of chemical fertilizers
        
        decreasing fertility of soil
        
        health issues - eg: cancer
        
        electricity subsidy
        
        depletion of groundwater
        
        inundation/flooding of ground
        
        1 more item...
        
        sudden prosperity resulted into mindless consumption
        
        relative deprivation
        
        wastage
        
        resorting to fast foods - health impacts
        
        focus shifted from reducing structural inequality in land ownership to optimising prodn through modern technology
        
        modern tech led to
        
        reduction in permanent labours
        
        increase in casual labours
        
        hence leading to incidences of migration
        
        1 more item...
        
        didnt lead to women empowerment
        
        q
        
        it is believed by many that green revolution created grounds for red revolution(naxalism). to what extent you agree with the statement