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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
Religious wars
Carlos I
Catholic Monarchs' grandson
was appointed Emperor in 1519
was a devout Catholic
1521
the Church excommunicated Luther and attempted
was unsuccessful
saw an opportunity to increase their possessions
their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
he received the protection of the German nobles
no agreement was reached
Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants
but they referred to themselves as the Reformed.
The Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League.
A civil war broke out
in 1547
the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League
the Battle of Mühlberg
sided against the Emperor
resulting in a greater balance of military power.
1555
Peace of Augsburg was signed
This agreement provoked a series of religious wars
In
wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
were very bloody episodes,
the massacre of Protestants on St. Bartholomew's Day in 1572
conflicts ended in 1598
when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes
In the Low Countries
the Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) took place
ended with the victory of the Calvinists in the northern provinces
British Isles
Wars of the Three Kingdoms (1639-1651) took place
conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
ended with the Anglicans gaining power.
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
in Switzerland the Calvinists executed the Spanish scientist Miguel Servet for his religious beliefs
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
he Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions
The Counter-Reformation
was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation.
The Council of Trent
has held between 1545 and 1563
established the Catholic Church’s course of action
the clarification of their teachings,
:The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
These included
carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation,
observing the seven sacraments
recognising the Pope as the highest authority
venerating the Virgin Mary and the saints
need for priests to interpret the Bible to avoid deviations
internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
Bishops were more strictly controlled
the sale of indulgences was prohibited and the religious orders were reformed
The Society of Jesus also gained importance
founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534
the repression of Protestantism.
whose followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced
The Catholics maintained their power over southern and central Europe.
