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Soils and Mineral Nutrition, these are the elements necessary for plant…

- - - - carbon oxygen and hydrogen are needed to form organic compounds
      - nitrogen for amino acids nucleic acids and chlorophyll # #
      - potassium for amino acids osmotic balance enzyme activation movement of cells
      - calcium controls activity of many enzymes, middle lamella, affects membranes
      - phosphorus - atp phosphorylated sugars, phospholipids coenzymes
      - magnesium , chlorophylls and enzymes
      - sulfur coenzyme a and some amino acids
    - - iron for cytochromes nitrogenase and chlorophyll synthesis # #
      - chlorine for hydrolysis in photosynthesis
      - copper for plastocyanin
      - manganese chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activity
      - zinc for enzyme activation
      - molybdenum for nitrogen reduction
      - boron - unknown
- - - - acidic - azalea, blueberry, camellia, cranberry, fennel Gardenia, potato
      - neutral - carrot, Chrysanthemum, corn, cucumber, pea, radish, strawberry, tomato
      - basic - apple aparagus, beet, cabbage, cauliflower, lettuce, onion, soybean, spinach
- - - - conversion of n2 gas into nitrate, nitrite, or ammonium which are subtrates for different enzymes
      - human are one means of fixation through the production of fertilizers
      - lighting is another way to fix nitrogen
      - nitrogen fixating bacteria and cyanobacteria fix over 130 million tons of nitrogen annually
        
        they use the enzyme nitrogenase to fix n2 gas into ammonia NH3
        
        some of these are free living in the soil and the nitrogen they fix is only available when they die and decompose
        
        others live symbiotically inside plant tissue, they can fix nitrogen at a faster rate than free living fixers because they have the plants resources at their disposal
    - - reducing nitrate, No3- from +5 oxidation state to ammonium which is -3
      - this is necessary for amino and nucleic acids and other biological compounds
      - soil bacteria consume most of the ammonium, so alot of what is available is nitrate
      - plants use nitrate reductase to convert nitrate to nitrite to ammonium
    - - the incorporation of ammonium into organic moleculs in the plant body
      - glutamate reacts with ammonium and ATP producing glutamine and ADP, making an amino group
      - the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another is transamination