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Microbial world - Coggle Diagram

- - - - consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae
  - - - is surrounded by a protein coat
  - - - Parasitic flatworms and roundworms
  - - - (in)organic chemicals
      - photosynthesis
- - - - the hypothesis that living
        organisms arise from nonliving matter;
        a “vital force” forms life
    - - the hypothesis that living organisms
        arise from preexisting life
  - - - Louis Pasteur
        
        demonstrated that
        microorganisms are present in the air
        
        experiment
        
        NOT sealed
        
        Microbial growth
        
        sealed
        
        No microbial growth
  - - - Rudolf Virchow
        
        said cells arise from
        preexisting cells
        
        Cell theory
        
        All living things are composed of cells
        and come from preexisting cells
    - - Anton van Leeuwenhoek
        
        described live microorganisms
    - - Robert Hooke
        
        reported that living things are
        composed of little boxes, or cells
  - - - Pasteur’s
        work
        
        discoveries relationship
        between microbes
        
        disease
        
        immunity
        
        antimicrobial drugs
        
        “The Father of Microbiology”
  - - - alcohol
      - vinegar
    - - is the
        application of a high
        heat for a short time
  - - - The First Synthetic Drugs
      - A Fortunate Accident—Antibiotics
- - - - acetone
      - ethanol
    - - vinegar
      - cheese
    - - disease treatment (e.g., insulin)
      - manufacturing(e.g., cellulase)
- - - - can be used by plants and animals
  - - - degrade organic matter in sewage (分解在污水中的有機物質)
      - For example: oil (石油) and mercury(水銀)
  - - - enables bacteria and fungi to produce a variety of proteins
        
        vaccines and enzymes
      - For example: gene therapy(基因治療)
        Genetically modified bacteria(基因改造)
  - - - The milk has been coagulated(凝結) by the
        action of rennin(凝乳酵素的作用) , forming curd(凝塊物)
- - - - is based on the concept that many diseases are caused by infections with microorganisms.
      - Contributors
        
        Pasteur believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.
        
        Ignaz Semmelweis advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another.
        
        Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections.
        
        Agostino Bassi showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
    - - Biogenesis: the hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life.
      - Spontaneous generation: the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a “vital force” forms life.
  - - - the first man that saw the microorganism, and described live microorganisms.(but not the father of microbiology. Pasteur is.)
    - - advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one obstetrical patient to another.
      - Mothers' savior
      - Father of Infection Control
    - - Father of Insect Pathology
      - showed that a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
    - - said cells arise from preexisting cells.
    - - used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
      - The father of surgery
    - - reported that living things are composed of little boxes, or cells.
    - - demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.
      - S-shaped flask kept microbes out but let air in.
      - The Father of Microbiology
      - showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation.
      - Pasteurization (巴斯德滅菌法) is the application of a high heat for a short time.
      - believed that another silkworm (絲狀蟲病) disease was caused by a protozoan (原蟲). Agostino Bassi prooved.
    - - Koch’s postulates (科霍假說), to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease
      - The father of bacteriology
    - - inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who was then protected from smallpox
      - The father of immunology
    - - speculated about a “magic bullet” that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host
      - developed a synthetic arsenic drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis (梅毒).
      - The father of chemotherapy
    - - discovered the first antibiotic.
      - observed that Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
  - - - Penicillium fungus made an antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus
  - - - The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce immunity to a specific disease.
    - - After getting vaccinated, you develop immunity to that disease, without having to get the disease first.
- - - - the genus
      - specific epithet
- - - - Bacteria
      - Archaea
    - - Eukarya
        
        Fungi
        
        Plants
        
        Protists
        
        Animals
- - - - the study of bacteria
    - - the study of fungi
    - - the study of viruses
    - - the study of protozoa and
        parasitic worms
    - - the study of immunity
        
        EX.Rebecca Lancefield
        in 1933
        
        identify some bacteria according to serotypes
  - - - the study of how microbes
        inherit traits
    - - the study of how DNA directs
        protein synthesis
    - - the study of an organism’s genes; has
        provided new tools for classifying microorganisms
    - - DNA made from two different
        sources
        
        For example
        
        Paul Berg in the 1960s
        
        inserted animal DNA into bacterial
        DNA, and the bacteria produced an animal protein
        
        https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/microbes-and-the-tools-of-genetic-engineering/
        
        George Beadle and Edward Tatum in 1941
        
        showed
        that genes encode a cell’s enzymes
        
        https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/central-dogma-transcription/a/one-gene-one-enzyme-hypothesis
        
        Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn
        McCarty in 1944
        
        showed that DNA is the hereditary material
        
        https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/avery-macleod-and-mccarty-hershey-chase-dna-experiments.html
        
        François Jacob and Jacques Monod in 1961
        
        discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis
        
        https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/milestones_nsfnobel.jsp
  - - - http://highscope.ch.ntu.edu.tw/wordpress/?p=66066
        
        【時事焦點】2014年諾貝爾化學獎－如何將光學顯微鏡變成奈米顯微鏡
        https://case.ntu.edu.tw/blog/?p=19420
        
        https://www.ch.ntu.edu.tw/nobel/2017.html
        【2017諾貝爾化學獎】將生命捕捉在原子的細節中
        
        https://technews.tw/2018/10/04/nobel-chemistry-2018-for-protein-evolution-and-gentic-enginner-tools/
        【諾貝爾 2018】促進生質能和新藥開發，化學獎頒給蛋白質演化研究及基因工程工具
- - - - definition
        
        new diseases which increasing in incidence
      - kind
        
        Newly recognized, ex: AIDS
        
        a known pathogen with new strains, ex: Influenza
        
        Re-emerging, ex: Tuberculosis, Measles
    - - pathogen: Influenza A virus
      - host: waterfowl and poultry
      - human-to-human transmission has not occurred
    - - pathogen: S. aureus
      - 1950s: resistance to Penicillin
      - 1990s :resistance to vancomycin
        
        VISA: vancomycin-intermediate-resistant S. aureus
        
        VRSA: vancomycin-resistant S. aureus
      - 1980s: resistance to Methicillin
    - - pathogen: West Nile virus
      - first diagnosed: the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937
      - host: birds
      - appeared:New York City in 1999
    - - pathogen: Cryptosporidium protozoa
      - cause diarrheal
      - transmitted by water
      - first reported in 1976
    - - pathogen:prion
      - causes CJD(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) to human
      - host: Bovine
      - the cause of New variant CJD : humans fed sheep offal(內臟) to cattle for protein
        (為了提高產率，給牛補充蛋白質，將得到搔癢症而死亡的動物餵給牛食用，因其病源體與狂牛症同為普里昂，牛長期食用有可能感染狂牛症)
    - - pathogen: HIV(human immunodeficiency virus)
      - Sexually transmitted infection
      - First identified in 1981
    - - pathogen: E. coli which is toxin-producing
      - first seen in 1982
      - cause diarrheal
    - - pathogen: Ebola virus
      - causes fever, hemorrhaging, and blood clotting
      - first identified near Ebola River, Congo
- - - - 大約10的-14次方 cells
      - 大約23000 genes
    - - 大約10的-14次方 million microbes
      - 大約9 million genes
  - - - Fungi
        
        Urigenital(泌尿器官)
      - Viruses
        
        Skin(皮膚)
      - Archaea
        
        Oral(口腔)
      - Parasites(寄生蟲)
        
        Digestive tract(消化器官)
      - Bacteria
    - - 情緒喜悲與否?
      - 行為正常/脫序與否?
      - 腸道健康與否?