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Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
The Structure of the Genetic Material
Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
bacteriophages
phages
DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides
nucleotides
polynucleotide
sugar-phosphate backbone
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
Thymine
Adenine
cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
DNA is double-stranded helix
double helix
DNA Replication
DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
semiconservative model
DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously
DNA polymerases
DNA ligase
The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein
Genes control phenotypic traits through the expression of proteins
transcription
translation
Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
triplet code
codons
The genetic code dictates how codons are translated into amino acids
genetic code
Transcripition produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
RNA polymerase
promotor
terminator
Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus as mRNA
messenger RNA (mRNA)
introns
exons
RNA splicing
Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation
transfer RNA (tRNA
anticodon
Ribosome build polypeptides
ribosomes
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message
start codon
P site
A site
Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
stop codon
Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA - RNA - protein
Mutations can affect genes
mutation
silent mutation
missense mutation
nonsense mutations
frameshift mutation
mutagens
The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria
Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
virus
capsid
lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle
prophage
Many viruses causes disease in animals and plants
Emerging viruses threaten human health
emerging viruses
HIV
AIDS
The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
retrovirus
reverse transcriptase
Prions are infectious proteins
prion
Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways
transformation
transduction
conjugation
Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
F factor
plasmid
R plasmids
How Genes Are Controlled
Control of Gene Expression
Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes
gene regulation
gene expression
promoter
operator
operon
repressor
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Chromosome structure and chemical modifications can affect gene expression
differentiation
nucleosome
epigenetic inheritance
X chromosome inactivation
Barr body
Complex assembles of proteins control eukaryotic transcription
transcription factors
enhancers
Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in. more than one way
alternative RNA splicing
Later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation
Noncoding RNAs play multipole roles in controlling gene expression
microRNAs (miRNAs)
small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)
RNA interference (RNAi)
multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes
Cell signaling and waves of gene expression direct animal development
homeotic gene
Cell signaling and waves of gene expression direct animal devlopment
homeotic gene
Researchers can monitor the expression of specific gene
nucleic acid hybridization
DNA microarray
Signal transduction pathway convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell
signal transduction pathway
Cell-signaling system appeared early in the evolution of life
Cloning of Plants and Animals
Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential
regeneration
Biologists can clone animals via nuclear transplantation
reproductive cloning
nuclear transplantation
Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential
embryonic stem cells
therapeutic cloning
adult stem cells
The genetic Basis of Cancer
Cancer results from mutation in genes that control cell division
oncogene
proto-oncogene
tumor-suppressor genes
Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer
Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways
Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer
carcinogens
DNA Technology and Genomics
Gene cloning and Editing
Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids
Biotechnology
DNA technology
Recombinant DNA
Genetic engineering
plasmids
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Enzymes are used to "cut and paste" DNA
Restriction enzymes
restriction site
restriction fragments
Nucleic acid probes can label specific DNA segments
Nucleic acid probes
Reverse transcriptase can help make genes for cloning
reverse transcriptase
complementary DNA (cDNA)
New techniques allow a specific gene to be edited
Genetically modified Organisms
Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products
DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
vaccine
Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
transgenic organism
The use of genetically modified organisms raises questions and concerns
Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases
gene therapy
DNA Profiling
The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile
forensics
DNA profiling
The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
primers
Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size
gel electrophoresis
Short tandem repeat anaylsis is used for DNA profiling
repetitive DNA
short tandem repeat (STR)
STR analysis
DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigation
Genomics and Bioinformatics
Small segments of DNA can be sequenced directly
Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes
genomics
The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of genes
Human Genome Project
The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly
whole-genome shotgun
The field of bioinformatics is expanding our understanding of genomes
bioinformatics
proteomics
Genomes hold clues to human evolution