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GRAMMAR, Early approaches to Foreign language instruction: Grammar…

- - - - Communicative grammar lesson
        
        Presentation of a grammar item and examples.
        
        Practicing stages (controlled exercises)
        
        Opportunity to practice the target grammar.
        
        A communicative grammar lesson gives students the opportunity to practice the target grammar item through specific communicative tasks and activities.
        
        A communicative task should provide students the opportunity to use language to communicate.
        
        The beginning stages of a communicative grammar lesson often focus on accuracy
        
        Fluency becomes more important during the practice stage
        
        Examples of Activities:
        
        games: an excellent method of communicative grammar practice because they allow students the opportunity to practice and develop language skills in an enjoyable and low-stress manner.
        
        role-plays
        
        discussion activities
  - - - Teachers can also find ways to set up situations for productive grammar practice outside the classroom
      - Another way to provide students with more opportunities for communicative practice is to give them out-of-class assignments that require using the target grammar point.
  - - - When teaching grammar in context, it’s important to consider students’ proficiency levels as well as their previous experience with the target grammar item.
        
        Higher-level students can often benefit from using authentic texts
        
        Lower-proficiency students will often need a text specifically prepared for the purpose of language learning
- - - - Teacher centered
      - Advantage: Time-saving and allows more time for practicing the language items thus making it an effective approach with lower-level students.
    - - Learner-centered
      - Advantage: More beneficial to students who already have a base in the language as it encourages them to work things out for themselves based on their existing knowledge.
    - - Practice: In this students have the opportunity to practice the language through very controlled activities.
        There are numerous activities that can be used for this stage including gap-fill exercises, substitution drills, sentence transformations, split sentences, picture dictations, class questionnaires, reordering sentences, and matching sentences to pictures.
      - Production: The final stage of the lesson gives the students the opportunity to practice the target language in freer activities which bring in other language elements.
        
        There are numerous activities for this stage.
        
        Teach will choose an activity for this stage depending on the language he or she is teaching and the level of his or her students.
        
        Some activities are information gaps, role plays, interviews, simulations, find someone who, spot the differences between two pictures, picture cues, problem-solving, personalization activities and board games are all meaningful activities that give students the opportunity to practice the language more freely.
      - Presentation: In this stage the teacher presents the new language in a meaningful context.
        
        Using building up stories on the board, using realia or flashcards and miming are fun ways to present the language.