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Liver Disease in Ruminants: Liver Abscess in Cows - Coggle Diagram
Liver Disease in Ruminants: Liver Abscess in Cows
basic info
common denominators in a herd
thin cows
poor fertility
loose feces
laminitis
+/-
epistaxis
hemoptysis
low butterfat test (<3.2%)
affects dairy and beef
12-32% feedlot cattle
80-97% cases caused by
Fusobacterium necrophorum
usually normal rumen flora
how ruminants work
how to have a healthy rumen
adapt microbes to high E diet
maximize microbe protein and VFS production
fibrous CHOs
nonfibrous CHOs
proteins
vits/mins
maximize dry matter intake
provide adequate effective fiber to stimulate cud chewing
50:50 forage:concentrate ratio
forage
stuff like hay
ferment to VFAs acetate, butyrate
stimulate cud chewing
saliva production
buffers rumen pH
concentrate
stuff like corn
ferment to VFA proprionate
decrease rumen pH
keep pH good
etiology
liver vulnerable due to hematogenous spread of bacteria
hepatic a.
portal system
umbilical vein
umbilical infections
foreign bodies penetrating liver
hardware disease
rumenitis
subacute rumen acidosis
mechanism
excess starch substrate leads to increases starch bacteria
more VFAs produced, exceeding papillae VFA absorptive capacity
increased lactic acid production
lower pH (< 5.5)
leads back to
damaged papillae
decreased fiber bacteria numbers
cut-off is < 5.5
lactic acidosis (acute grain overlaod)
pathogenesis
acidosis damages rumen epithelium
F. necrophorum
invades eroded rumen wall
transported to liver and established abscess
CS
thin
reduced fertility
reduced milk yield
anorexia
fever
pain
icterus
sequelae
subclinical
wall-offed
reduced weight gain
reduced feed efficiency
occlude bile duct
icterus
rupture into abdomen
diffuse peritonitis
fever
pain
anorexia
caudal vena caval thrombosis
abscess erodes into CVC
clinical syndromes result
portal hypertension
ascites
pulmonary thromboembolism
hematogenous pneumonia
sudden death
anaphylatic shock
septic shock
aneurysm
epistaxis
hemoptysis
death
anemia
diagnosis
history
excess dietary starch
failure to adapt rumen to high starch levels
lab tests
variable and nonspecific
neutrophilia
in chronic cases
elevated plasma fibrinogen
anemia
active abscess
increased GGT
increased AST
increased serum globulin
decreased albumin
if bile duct blocked
increased total bilirubin
sample collection
use pH meter or paper
sample 10-12 animals per diet
6-8hrs post feeding for TMR diet
2-4hrs post feeding for component diet
interpretation
normal rumen pH is 5.8 to 6.5 in dairy cows
cutpoint <= 5.5
alarm level is >25% animals below cut point
treatment
poor prognosis for full recovery
supportive therapy
penicillin
oxytetracycline
prevention
slowly adapt rumens to increased grain feeding
provide adequate effective fiber
add rumen buffers to diet
in dairy cows
provide free choice sodium bicarboate
prevent "sorting" (selective eating)
avoid component feeding
in calves and youngstock
prevent navel infections
prevent hardware disease
