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Lecture 1: Water - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Intracellular water (47%)
      - Extracellular water (23%)
        
        Blood plasma 6%
        
        Interstitial fluid 17%
- - - - The amino acid alanine has one amino group and one carboxylic acid group.
      - pKa is the pH when percentage of total is at 50%
      - Isoelectric point is when the molecule has no net charge (not positive or negative)
  - - - Phosphate (intracellular) and Bicarbonate (extracellular) buffer systems maintain optimal physiological pH
      - Internal pH of cells is close to 7
      - Blood pH maintained at 7.4
        
        Oxygen binding of haemoglobin is pH dependent.
        
        Acidosis arise from:
        
        Metabolic cause: release of acidic metabolites due to starvation, uncontrolled diabetes, over-exertion by runners leading to lactic acidosis
        
        Respiratory cause: hypoventilation due to lung diseases such as emphysema, asthma, pneumonia
- - - - 1/12th the strength of valent bond
      - up to 4 H-bonds with water
      - Intermolecular forces
      - Importance of H-bonds
        
        Between the carbonyl group of a ketone and water
        
        Between peptide groups in polypeptides
        
        Between hydroxyl groups of alcohol and water
        
        Between complementary bases of DNA
    - - Ionic attraction
      - Hydrophobic interactions
      - Hydrogen Bonds
      - Van der Waal interactions