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Chilkiewicz 2015 - Coggle Diagram
Chilkiewicz 2015
Definitions of language learning strategies
the techniques or devices which a learner may use (Rubin, 1971)
a particular method of approaching a problem or task, a mode of operation for achieving a particular and a planned design for controlling and manipulating certain information (Naiman, 1980)
cognitive operations that learners apply while in the classroom or other learning situations (Chaudron, 1988)
set of operations or steps used by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information” (O’Malley, 1985)
a choice that a learner makes while learning or using the second language that affects learning (Cook, 1993)
Learning strategy is concerned with actual activities and techniques which lead to learn (Dicinson, 1987)
behaviors or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable (Oxford, 1989)
There is no agreement, most researchers develop their own list.
Carver's distinction
strategies for coping with TL rules
strategies or receiving performance
strategies for producing performance
strategies for organizing learning
The study
over 100 children from a primary school in Maszewo answered a questionnaire
research question:which direct learning strategies are most popular among 11-12 year old children?
based on Oxford's taxonomy
conclusions
remembering and retrieving information
group words accoring to their meaning
association of eyesight
mechanical techniques of memorizing
understanding and language production
exercises in natural way with strict communicative aim
usage of different techniques which allow to understand text easier and faster
deduction thinking
underlining the most important information
using the language to make up for the lack of relevant knowledge
synonyms
descriptions
Ellis' categoriation
hypothesis formation
simplification
inference
hypothesis testing
receptive strategies
productive strategies
metalingual strategies
interactional strategies
automation
formal practice
functional practice
O'Malley et al's taxonomy
metacognitive strategies
cognitive strategies
socioaffective strategies
Rubin's categorization
Processes which may contribute directly to learning
clarification / verification
monitoring
memorization
guessing / inductive reference
deductive reasoning
practice
Processes which may contribute indirectly to learning
creating opportunities for practice
production tricks
Oxford
Indirect strategies
Metacognitive strategies
centering your learning
arranging and planning your learning
evaluating your learning
Affective strategies
lowering your anxiety
encouraging yourself
taking your emotional temperature
Social strategies
asking questions
cooperating with others
empathizing with others
Direct strategies
Cognitive strategies
practicing
receiving and sending messages
analyzing and reasoning
creating structure for input and output
Memory strategies
creating mental linkage
applying images and sounds
reviewing well
employing action
Compensation strategies
guessing intelligently
overcoming limitations in speaking and writing