the techniques or devices which a learner may use (Rubin, 1971)

a particular method of approaching a problem or task, a mode of operation for achieving a particular and a planned design for controlling and manipulating certain information (Naiman, 1980)

cognitive operations that learners apply while in the classroom or other learning situations (Chaudron, 1988)

set of operations or steps used by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information” (O’Malley, 1985)

a choice that a learner makes while learning or using the second language that affects learning (Cook, 1993)

Learning strategy is concerned with actual activities and techniques which lead to learn (Dicinson, 1987)

behaviors or actions which learners use to make language learning more successful, self-directed and enjoyable (Oxford, 1989)

There is no agreement, most researchers develop their own list.

over 100 children from a primary school in Maszewo answered a questionnaire

research question:which direct learning strategies are most popular among 11-12 year old children?

usage of different techniques which allow to understand text easier and faster