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Chapter 14 Mind Map, Nutrients in Plants , Nutrient Deficiency , …

- - - - granite
      - basalt
    - - marble
      - slate
    - - sandstone
      - limestone
  - - - breakdown of rocks by physical forces such as
        
        wind
        
        water movement
        
        temperature changes
        
        ice
      - produces a variety of sizes of soils including
        
        coarse sand
        
        fine sand
        
        silt
        
        clay particles (micelles)
    - - breakdown of rocks by chemical forces
        
        most important agents are acids made by decaying bodies
        
        plants and fungi can produce these acids
      - most rapid in tropical regions
      - decreases soil size
      - changes soil chemistry
        
        as the crystal matrix dissolves, trapped elements are freed
        
        roots can then take in these elements
        
        bonding is much weaker at surface of soil
  - - - roots and root hairs give off carbon dioxide
      - carbon dioxide dissolves in the soil creating carbonic acid
      - carbonic acid breaks down to form a protein and bicarbonate ion
      - presence of protons acidifies soil solution
      - proton's positive charge liberates cation
      - proton was derived from waste carbon and does not hurt the plant
      - liberated cation is then free to be absorbed into the plant
      - acidity caused by decomposition can also liberate cations
    - - decaying organic matter
      - cellulose crystals of cell walls
  - - - the concentration of free protons in the soil
      - important for cation exchange
      - important for retention of cations in soil during heavy rain
      - can cause certain elements to change solubility
    - - greater concentration of protons causes more cations to be realeased
      - cations can be absorbed or washed away
      - can lose cations too rapidly
    - - frequent in dry climates
      - too few protons to allow cation release
      - concentration of minerals can be excessive
    - - chemical nature of original rock
      - rainfall
  - - - crossing plasma membrane
      - diffusing along cell walls and intermembrane spaces
    - - selective permeability of plasma membrane
      - certain substances can be permitted access while others are denied
      - unwanted substances can be moved in through water
      - no metabolic control exists
  - - - symbiotic association between soil fungi and plant roots
      - the symbiosis allows plants to absorb phosphorus more efficiently
    - - most common type
      - fungal filaments create arbuscules or balloon-like vesicles in the root cortex cells
      - fungus collects phosphorus and transports it to the arbuscles
      - phosphorus accumulates into granules
      - granules are transported into the root cell protoplasm
      - root cell returns to normal after phosphorus transfer is complete
- - - - iron
      - boron
      - chlorine
      - copper
      - manganese
      - molybdenum
      - zinc
  - - - element must be necessary for plant to complete a life cycle
      - element must not have an effective substitute
      - element must act within the plant
- - - - fix over 190 million tons of nitrogen annually
      - lightning
      - nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria
        
        both have nitrogenase to fix nitrogen
    - - use their own fixed nitrogen in their metabolism
      - fixed nitrogen becomes available after the microorganisms die
      - Azotobacter
      - Clostridium
      - Klebsiella
      - Nostoc
    - - grow inside tissues of host ferns and seed plants
      - alfalfa
      - usually produce nitrogen at a higher rate than free-living microorganisms
  - - - if a plant can absorb that form of nitrogen, no further reduction is necessary
  - - - acceptor molecule of nitrogen form of ETC is glutamate
      - glutamate reacts with ammonium and ATP to form ADP and glutamine
      - glutamine transfers ammonium (amino group) to a-ketoglutarate
      - both molecules are transformed into glutamate
  - - - oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and nitrite to nitrate
      - certain soil bacteria are nitrifying bacteria
      - both types of nitrifying bacteria are so common that nitrite never builds up in the soil
    - - nitrate can be washed from the soil much easier
      - large amounts of ATP must be used to incorporate nitrite
    - - process where certain bacteria reduce nitrate to N2 gas
  - - - bog-adapted plants that obtain a lot of reduced nitrogen by catching animals
      - obtain energy through photosynthesis still
    - - flowering plants and ferns that obtain reduced nitrogen from animals
      - epiphytic with roots attached to bark in nitrogen-poor soil
      - have hollow chambers that house ants (called a domatium)
      - takes energy from dead and decomposing ants
      - relationship is mutualistic
- - - - is caused by excessive amount of minerals
      - seen most in desert habitats
      - aluminum toxicity is one of the most widespread examples
    - - not very common in natural populations
      - most often seen in nonnative crop plants or ornamentals
    - - fruits
      - seeds
      - tubers
      - storage roots
  - - - chlorosis
        
        leaves lack chlorophyll
        
        brittle quality
        
        tend to be yellow
        
        can also cause dark color or purple hue in leaves
      - necrosis
        
        death of patches of tissue
        
        can also be caused by
        
        bacterial infections
        
        viral infections
        
        fungal infections
  - - - boron
      - calcium
      - iron
      - elements remain in one place after incorporation
    - - chlorine
      - magnesium
      - nitrogen
      - phosphorus
      - potassium
      - sulfur
      - elements can move around in plant after incorporation