Year 10 Geography
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Environmental change
Types of maps
continents
Key concepts
Sustainability: Developing ways to ensure the earths resources be used and managed responsibly so they can be maintained for future generations.
Place: A place a part of the earths surface that is identified and given meaning by people
Space: Geographers use the concept of space when investigating the way that things are arranged on the earths surface.
Environment: Environment means the living and non-living components and elements that make up an area, and the ways they are organised.
Interconnection: Geographers use the concept of interconnection to better the links between places and people, and how these interconnections affect the way we live.
Change: The earth is constantly changing. These changes can be a result of natural forces and human activity.
Scale: geographers study things that take place on many different special levels. They use the concept of scale to look for explanations and outcomes at different levels.
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• North America
• South America
• Africa
• Europe
• Asia
• Australia
• Antarctica
Oceans
• Pacific Ocean
• Atlantic Ocean
• Antarctic Ocean
• Artic Ocean
• Indian Ocean
Area and grid references
BOLTSS
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• Border
• Orientation
North
South
East
west
• Legend- a description, explanation, or table of symbols printed on a map or chart to permit a better understanding or interpretation of it
• Title
• Scale
-Linear scale
1:200 000 would be 1 cm on the map represents 200000 cm in real life.
- Ratio scale/method
1 cm would be 1cm= 50000m or 50km
• Source
• Area references - Four digit reference of the bottom left corner of which the item is found.
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• Grid references have six numbers from the bottom left corner use to beter locater an object with more accuracy.
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Cross section
How to draw a cross section
Place the straight edge of the paper along line x-y
Mark the position of each contour
Label the height of each contour and the positions of x and y.
Prepare a horizontal grid making the lengths of the grid equal to x and y
Mark in heights along the vertical lines and label x and y
Lay the strip of paper along the base line and transfer the height to the grid
Join the points with a smooth curve
Shade the section
Label any important features
Give it a title
Features on a map
• Physical
-natural and are not modified by humans
- eg. Mountains, oceans, lakes and forests
• Cultural
-made by humans
- e.g. Houses, bridges, train stations and roads
4 S's Ecosystem Services
• Sources – provisioning services
Natural products that can be used or converted by humans for our use
mineral deposits such as coal which we then turn into fuel
iron
Timber
food sources
• Sinks – regulating Services
Processes in the natural environment that absorb our waste.
Micro-organisms in oceans break down oil spills
Bacteria in soil breaks down human waste
• Services- supporting services
Things that are done for us by the natural environment that don’t produce consumable resources.
Forests absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen
Wetlands filter water and slow floodwaters
• Spirituality – cultural services
The connection that indigenous Australians have with the land
The experience of spending time in the natural environment and the sense of wellbeing it brings like surfing and bushwalking
degrading land
Degrading the atmosphere
Degrading water
Biodiversity loss
climate change
Climate change is a long-term permanent shift in some or all parts of the weather conditions experienced in an area.
Global climate change is increasing at a rapid rate.
impacts: coral bleaching, sea water rising, ice melting,
Causes: land use changes, pollution, changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, changes in the nitrogen cycle and acid rain, climate alterations, and the introduction of exotic species, all coincident to human population growth
a decrease in biodiversity within a species, an ecosystem, a given geographic area, or Earth as a whole
3 main causes of clime change:
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• Fossil fuels
Make up 76% of greenhouse gas emissions.
When fossil fuels (coal) are burnt they produce carbon dioxide which contributes to the greenhouse gas effect causing the climate to change.
1800s change- industrial revolution
• Agriculture- methane
24% of our GHG emissions
Methane is the second largest contributor to global warming
Produce by livestock (cows, sheep) as they chew their food
Currently 1.4 billion cattle on earth. 1 cow produces 60-80kg of methane each year
• Deforestation
As trees grow, they remove and store carbon dioxide from the air
When trees are cut down or burnt, their stored carbon dioxide is released into the air as carbon dioxide.
Impacts:
• Methane and CO2 enter the atmosphere and increase the layer of GHGs, trapping heat which creates the enhanced greenhouse effect and warms the planet
- biodiversity loss
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• Changes in temperature and rainfall
Increase in natural disasters
Droughts, floods, ect.
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• Ocean
Temperature increase
Sea levels
Coral bleaching
Research
• Biodiversity refers to the variety of living organisms on the planet
• It is measured by the number of species present in a particular ecosystem or region
• It is estimated that between 17,000 and 100,000 species are reaching extinction each year
• Biodiversity loss is when there is a decrease in the number, type or variety of living organisms within an environment
Five main Causes:
• Habitat change such as deforestation
• Over exploitation of resources such as fresh water
• Pollution of land, water and air
• The spread of invasive species
• Climate change brought about by human activity
Impacts of biodiversity loss:
• Threatens the structure and proper functioning of the ecosystem
• Structure of the food chain
• Humans rely on plants and animals for food and medicines
• Increases the spread of disease
• Impacts food security
Hot spots:
• A biodiversity hotspot is an area with unusual concentration of species, many of which are endemic (native)
• There are 35 biodiversity hotspots in the world
• Hotspots have already lost 86% of their original habitats
• Two criteria for a region to be classified as a biodiversity hotspot are:
o It must contain at least 1,500 species of native plants
o It has to have lost at least 70% of its original native habitat
India Hotspot
Causes
littering, land clearing,
creating tips and landfill, processing sewage and
industrial activities
Over fishing, water pollution,
contamination of rivers, lakes,wetlands, estuaries, seas and oceans through the release of harmful substances
The loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land-based environments as a result of human
activities are referred to as land degradation
affects about one-quarter of
the world’s total land area and about 38 per cent of the world’s farmed areas
Soil degradation
Impacts
refers to the loss of fertility
of the soil, often due to a chemical change
Ecosystem Decline
May be through loss of vegetation, the invasion of non native plants and animals or a decline in the quality of rivers and springs
Soil erosion
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clearing trees for
farming, accelerate erosion
cleared land is more vulnerable to wind
erosion, gully erosion and sheet erosion
This can lead to desertification
Natural ecosystems of an area, such as forests and streams, can become degraded
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becoming compacted by large machinery and hard-hooved animals such as cattle and sheep
becoming acidic due to a build-up of fertiliser or a loss of soil nutrients caused by farming the land too intensity
Topographical
Road map
Political
is when soil is gradually worn away by natural phenomena such as rivers, rain, waves, glaciers and the wind
Impacts
Biodiversity loss
reliance on water
Water becoming polluted
Damming rivers
Recovery
Air pollution
Impacts
Causes
is one of the main health risks the world faces today
1/2 of all India's die prematurely due to air pollution each year
due to cars and rapid growth with industries
Has the highest levels of air pollution
10 km above the earth sits a concentrated layer of Ozone
shields us from sun uv, due to pollution so we have more cases of cancer
Ban of chemicals sees the Ozone recovering
Layers of gas around the earth
water environments are some of the worlds most degraded environments
Disrupts flow of water
Disrupts ecosystem services
Food sources
Fertile soil
Pollutants in water
Causes
Is the contamination of water sources
Shipping
fishing
Water drilling
Lake chad
Increases cases of asthma
lung disease
Heart disease
Cooking
Fuel
animal waste
Population
Climate change
Over population- increase in population- increase in demand for water- houses and irrigation, agriculture- provides food- lies over 4 countries pop double 2050- desertification
Climate change – temp rises – decrease of mass rainfall events and high rates of evaporation- rainfall can’t refresh water supplies- size one tenth