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Ethnicity and crime - Coggle Diagram

- - - - +:
        
        Political resistance against racism.
        
        Roots in earlier British imperialism.
      - -:
        
        Lea and Young: crime = intra-ethnic.
        
        Romanticises street crime as revolutionary.
    - - +:
        
        Emergence of moral panic (mugging) = scapegoat for capitalist crisis i.e unemployment.
        
        Moral panic divided working class racially and weaken opposition to capitalism.
      - -:
        
        Do not show how capitalist crisis led to moral panic.
        
        Left realists argue fears of mugging are realistic not panicky.
  - - - +:
        
        Argue that discriminatory policing = not full picture.
        
        Over 90% = reported by public not police. Does not account for ethnic differences in stats.
        
        Stats caused by marginalisation + relative deprivation.
      - -:
        
        Criticised for police racism view.
        ex: arrest rates lower for Asians than black because of stereotypes.
- - - - Crimes are more likely to be intra-ethnic.
      - EV:
        
        Rely on memories.
        
        Exclude crimes by and against organisations.
      - Blacks are over-represented by victims as offenders.
    - - Contradicts with the findings of official stats.
      - Supports the view that Asians are less likely to offend.
    - - The general trend in official statistics is that black and Asian people are over-represented in the system and that white people are under-represented
      - Evaluation: Such statistics don't tell us whether members of one ethnic group more likely than others to commit an offence in the first place.
  - - - Stop and search
        
        Members of minority ethnic groups = more likely. I.e blacks and Asians.
        
        Explanations:
        
        Police racism ~ The Macpherson Report = institutional racism (Stephen Lawrence)
        
        Bowling and Philips ~ officers hold negative stereotypes = > stop and search.
        
        Ethnic differences in offence ~ the disproportionality in stop and search = levels of offending by ethnicities.
        
        Demographic factors ~ groups which are more likely to get searched (urban dwellers and unemployed) have more ethnic minorities = more stop and search.
    - - Arrests for blacks are 3x compared to whites.
        Because = ethnic minority ~ more likely to deny offence = more likely to be charged.
    - - CPS more likely to drop cases against ethnic minorities.
        Bowling and Philips:
        
        Evidence is often based on stereotyping of ethnic minorities.
    - - Black + Asian defendants less likely to be found guilty. Weaker evidence
    - - Blacks are 4x likely to be in prison than whites.
      - Black and Asian (longer sentences) than whites.
      - Ethnic minorities less likely for bail.