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19 REAL TIME AND VERBAL TIME. ASPECT AND MOOD - Coggle Diagram
19
REAL TIME AND VERBAL TIME. ASPECT AND MOOD
The verb
: plays the most important role in the sentence, both from a syntactic and a semantic point of view. The verb is the part of speech that predicates, assists in predication, asks a question and expresses a command
Time, tense and aspect
Tense
: grammatical notion, a linguistic way of expressing real time
Aspect
: grammatical concept, concerned with relative temporal progression. Perfective aspect (the action is completely achieved) vs progressive aspect (the action is in progress, temporary or uncompleted)
Time
: physical, extra linguistic concept, consisting of past, present and future
English tenses: aspect and time references
Simple past
: definite past time. Past period, future in the past, present time reference (unreality)
Past progressive
: activity in progress at a concrete past moment, short-term past period, continually repeated activities in a past period. Short action vs long action
Present perfect progressive
: emphasizes the development of the activity. The action is unfinished. Activity and recentness
Past perfect
: past in the past. Some measure of achievement before some past point or period of time
Present perfect
: the action spans from some time in the past until now. At least partially achieved. States or repeated actions, recent action
Past perfect progressive
: recent activity in the past
Present progressive
: current present moment, short-term present period, existing arrangements for the future, frequent and disturbing actions
Future
: simple present, present progressive, will/shall (prediction or volition), will/shall + progressive aspect, going to (decision, certainty
Simple present
: unmarked for aspect. Timeless, present time of indefinite length, current present moment, future already fixed now, historic present
Mood
: grammatical form that expresses a certain attitude of mind towards the content of the sentence
Subjunctive
: expresses uncertainty and hesitation. Progressively disappearing
Formulaic subjunctive
:
Bless you, Heaven help us all
Were-subjunctive
: expresses condition or contrast after wish
I wish you were here
Mandative subjunctive
: demand, insist, suggest, be necessary...
Imperative
: used in commands. Toned down by signals of politeness. Implied subject you
Indicative
: neutral character. States facts. Used in all ordinary sentences and expressions