Chapter 7.1, 7.2 & 8.1

Particle Theory of Matter!

Viscosity, affects of Temperature!

T - TEMPERATURE affects the speed at which particles move - Temp^=Speed^

A - There is ATTRACTION between the particles - greatest attraction in solids.

S - All particles have SPACE around each other - gases have most.

M - All particles are in constant MOTION - greatest speed in gases.

I - All particles of the same substance are IDENTICAL.

P - All matter is made up of PARTICLES.

7.1


A fluid - anything that flows.
Examples - blood, lava, honey, gases, oxygen, carbon dioxide, shampoo, salad dressing, window cleaner, engine oils.
Fluids - can also be gases.
Examples - Oxygen and Carbon dioxide.


A slurry is a mixture of water and solids.
Paper is made out of slurry of pulp & water


Fluids are easy to move because they take the shape of their containers.
Because of these properties, many solid objects were originally prepared as fluids.
Examples - Cement - limestone, clay and gypsum, and Steel consists of iron, carbon and small other substances.


Fluids are very useful
Fluid in back of fridge keeps temp cool.
Fluid circulation in radiator can warm a room.
Fluid such as gases - forced into smaller volume ex air that pumps up tire.

7.2


Matter is anything that has mass and volume.
Mass is a measure of how much matter is a substance, and volume is a measure of how much space that substance takes up.
The Particle Theory of Matter is a way of explaining the behavior of matter.


Particles in liquids flow because they can overcome their attraction to each other and slide past each other.
This is why liquids take the shape of their container unlike solids which stay in a fixed shape.
Gas particles move at fast speeds and are so far apart that they will probably overcome their attraction to each other.
This is why gases flow and spread out to all parts of the container. (ex. Air freshener spreads to all parts of a room)

  • Solids hold a definite shape - particles packed closely together & vibrate in one place
  • Liquids can flow - take shape of their container because their particles have partly overcome their attraction for each other

Gases can flow and spread out - their particles are far apart and have overcome their attraction for each other

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Water - liquid

Iceberg - solid state

Air/clouds - water in gaseous state

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Matter - anything that has mass and volume

Mass - a measure of how much matter there is in a substance

Volume - measure of how much space a substance takes up

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6 MAIN POINTS that describe the structure of matter:

1) All matter is made up of tiny particles

2) All particles are in constant motion

3) All particles of one substance are identical

4) Temperature affects the speed at which particles move

5) In liquids and solids the particles are close and have strong forces of attraction between them

6) In a gas there are spaces between the particles

When the temperature of a solid liquid or gases increases, its particles move faster and farther apart.

8.1


Ketchup, like all fluids, will flow. However, ketchup is designed to flow slowly so that it will stay on foods.
Then fluids like milk and water flow much faster.
Viscosity is the resistance of fluid to flow.
Fluids with high viscosity do not flow as easily as fluids with low viscosity.


Temperature is one factor that can have a big effect on viscosity.
The viscosity of a fluid can change as the fluid is heated up or cooled down.
Ketchup flows faster when heated up!


According to particle theory, a gas is made up of particles that are already spread apart.


Friction is a force that works to slow down motions as a result of surfaces rubbing against each other.
A fluid with high viscosity has a lot of eternal friction, a fluid with less is the opposite.
Solids are the most dense then fluids then gases.
Density describes how closely packaged together the particles are in a substance. - The flow rate of a fluid is measure of the speed at which a fluid flows from the point to another.
The amount of mass contained in a given volume is called density.

  • In particle theory, a liquid is made of particles that can move past each other.
  • When heat is added to the liquid, the particles move faster and spread farther apart.

Since the distance between the particles are further there is less attraction.

As the temperature of a liquid increases, viscosity decreases.
As the temperature of a liquid is decreased, viscosity increases, meaning it will flow very slowly.

Temperature affects the viscosity of gases differently from how it affects liquids.

  • As the temperature of a gas increases, friction increases, and so the viscosity of gases increases.
  • The hotter the gas, slower it flows.
  • As the temperature of the gas decreases, the particles slow down and collide less often.

The cooler the gas, the faster it flows.