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Discipline and Punish - Michael Foucault, Ana Benavent, Carolina Braband,…
Discipline and Punish - Michael Foucault
Normalizing judgement
3.
Disciplinary punishment has de function of reducing gaps
advance student's progress by correcting their defects
Punish = exercise
Essentially corrective
2
. What is not measured up to rule is punished as inability to carry out a task
Disciplinary punishment follow an "artificial order" (set of regulations) and a natural one (observable process)
1
. In every Disciplinary System there is a small penal mechanism
Micro-penalty on time, activity, behaviour, speech, body and sexuality
4
. Punishment as a double system: gratification-punishment
Rewards more frequent than punishment
There's a penal accountancy that allows to get the balance-sheet of each individual
5.
Double role of grade distribution
Punishes & rewards
Hierarchizing penalty has a double effect
Distribute pupils according to their aptitudes and behaviour.
Pressure under them to conform a same model
Mark gaps
Hierarchical observation
Discipline is a mechanism that persuades through observation
Observation
Makes it possible to see induce effects of power
"Observatories" with an ideal model = military camp
All power exercised through exact observation
Architecture: permit an internal detailed control
Its principles found in urban development: working-class housing states
Schools
Spatial "nesting" of hierarchized observation
Surveillance is ensured with several mechanisms.
Building for training
Surveillance is inherent to the practice of teaching
Perfect disciplinary apparatus - makes it possible to see everything constantly
⚠️PROBLEMATIC
The development of an architecture that is no longer to observe, but to transform individuals
Confinement and enclosure replaced by openings and transparencies
Examination
Technique of observing hierarchy and normalizing judgement
Examination has to be able to qualify, classify and punish
Examination is highly ritualized in mechanisms of discipline
Examination as exercise of power
Examination transformed the economy of visibility into exercise of power
Examination is the technique by which power holds the individuals in a mechanism of objectification
Examination also introduces individuality into the field of documentation
The documents capture and fix them
Examination, surrounded by all its documentary techniques, makes each individual a "case"
Case = object for a branch of knowledge and a hold for a branch of power
Walhausen
:"strict discipline" = correct training
Discipline makes individuals.
The success of disciplinary power comes from the use of simple instruments
Ana Benavent, Carolina Braband, Paula Domínguez, Sara Gómez