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TOPIC 2 [ Network Access ] - Coggle Diagram
TOPIC 2 [
Network Access
]
TOPIC 2.1.1
Identify device connectivity options
CONNECTIVITY DEVICE
a)
Repeater
Operates at the physical layer of the OSI model
JOB ; to regenerate(menjana semula) the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak//corrupted
The
do not amplify signal
One input // One output port [receiving and repeating a single data stream]
b)
Hub
Multiport repeater [more than one output port ]
Connects multiple wires coming from different branches; the connector in star topology which connects diff stations
accepts signals from a transmitting node & repeats those signals to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion
cannot filter data
so,data packets are sent to all connectod devices
Limited features and the fact that they merely repeat signals within a single
Collosion domain
Hubs were replaced by
routers
and
switches
Types of Hub;
:star2:Active Hub
:star2:Passive Hub
:star2:Intelligent Hub
c)
Bridges
Operates at data link layer
Devices that connect two network segments by analysing
incoming frames
and making decisions about where to direct them based
on each frame's MAC address
used for
interconnecting two LANs
working on the same protocol
Operate at the
Data Link layer
of the OSI model
Has single input and single output port
Types of bridges;
:pushpin:Transparent Bridges
:pushpin:Source Routing Bridges
d)
Switches
Connectivity devices that subdivide a network into
smaller logical pieces//segements
Data link layer device
of OSI model
Modern switches can operate at Layer 3//Layer 4
switch divides collision domain of hosts ;;
broadcats domain
remains same
They have
multiple ports
[can make better use of limited bandwidth & prove more cost efficient than bridges ]
e)
Router
Multiport connectivity device [
directs data between nodes on a network
]
Can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of proocols
Layer 3 [Network Layer] of OSI model
Divide broadcast domains of hosts connected throught it
f)
Wireless Access Point (WAP)
Allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network
Mobility
WAP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available
g)
Modem
Modulation
and
Demodulation
Convert either digital signal :arrow_right: analog signal [modulation] & analog signal :arrow_right: digital signal [demodulation]
h)
Network Interface Card (NIC)
a NIC is a hardware component
:round_pushpin:typically a circuit board // chip [installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network]
NICs are designed for use with either wired // wireless networks
:desktop_computer:On-Board NICs [via an expansion slot//peripheral bus]
:desktop_computer:Wireless NICs [contain atennas to send & receive signals wirelessly]
TOPIC 2.1.2
Basic Principles Of The Physical Layer Standars
Electronics & Communications Standard Organizations
(3)
Telecommunications Industry Association [TIA]
:point_up::skin-tone-4: standards for;
radio equipment
cellular towers
voice over IP [VoIP] devices
satellite communications
(4)
International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector [ITU-T]
:point_up::skin-tone-6: standards for;
video compression
Internet Protocol Television [IPTV]
broadband communications
(1)
Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers [IEEE]
:point_up::skin-tone-3:Dedicated to advancing technological innovation & creating standards in a wide area of industries including networking
(2)
Electronic Industries Alliance [EIA]
:point_up::skin-tone-2:standards related to;
electrical wiring
connectors
network racks
Internet Standards
(2)
Internet Architecture Board [IAB]
:person_frowning::skin-tone-2: management and development of Internet standards
(1)
Internet Society [ISOC]
:person_frowning:promotes open development and evolution of Internet use globally
(3)
Internet Engineering Task Force [IETF]
:person_frowning::skin-tone-3:
develops
updates
maintains
Internet and TCP/IP technologies
(4)
Internet Research Task Force [IRTF]
:information_desk_person::skin-tone-4: focused on long-term research related to Internet and TCP/IP protocols
(5)
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers [ICANN]
:person_with_blond_hair::skin-tone-5: coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names
(6)
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority [IANA]
:person_frowning::skin-tone-6:
manages IP address allocation
domain name management
protocol identifiers for ICANN
Open Standards
:star2: encourage;
interoperability
competition
innovation
:star2: standards organization are usually;
vendor-neutral
non-profit organizations establish to develop and promote the concept of open standards
TOPIC 2.1.4
Explain Data Link Layer Protocols and Media Access Control
Characteristics of Copper Cabling
Cooper Media
:star: conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation
:star: data travels on copper cables as small pulses of
electrical voltage
cause it easily distorted by
outside noise
and
signal attenuation
:star: cable type with shielding // twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation
Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP) cable
Shielded Twisted-Pai (STP) cable
Coaxial cable
UTP
:round_pushpin: used in Ethernet LANs
:pushpin: 8 wires twisted into four color-coded pairs and then wound inside a cable jacket
:pushpin: colored pairs identify the wires for proper connection at the terminals
Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Properties of UTP Cabling
Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Connectors
UTP Cabling Standards
Category 3 Cable [UTP]
:<3: used for
voice communcation
:<3: Most often used for phone lines
Category 5 and 5e Cable [UTP]
:<3: used for
data transmission
:<3: Cat5 supports
100 Mb/s
, and can support
1000 Mb/s
but it is not recommended
:<3: Cat5e
supports 1000 Mb/s
Category 6 Cable [UTP]
:<3: used for
data transmission
:<3: An added separator is between each pair of wires allowing it to function at higher speeds
:<3: supports
1000Mb/s -10Gb/s
, though
10Gb/s is not recommended
UTP Connectors
:star:
RJ-45 UTP Plugs
:star:
:star:
RJ-45 UTP Socket
:star:
Bad connector
:green_cross: Wires are;
exposed
untwisted
and not entirely covered by the sheath
Good connector
Wires are;
untwisted to the extent necessary to attach the connector
Types of UTP Cable
Testing UTP Cables
UTP Testing Parameters;
:female-technologist::skin-tone-2: Wire Map
:female-technologist::skin-tone-3: Cable Length
:female-technologist::skin-tone-4: Signal loss due to attenuation
:female-technologist::skin-tone-5: Crosstalk
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design
JACKET
:file_cabinet: Typically a PVC jacket that protects the fiber against;
abrasion
moisture
other contaminants
:file_cabinet: This outer jacket compisition can very depending on the cable usage
CLADDING
:stars: Made from
slightly different chemicals
than those used to create the core
:stars: It tends to act like a mirror by reflecting light back into the core of the fiber
:stars: This keeps light in the core as it travels down the fiber
CORE
:pineapple: The core is actually the
light transmission element
at the center of the optical fiber
:pineapple: This core is typically
silica // glass
:pineapple: Light pulses travel through the fiber core
STRENGHTENING MATERIAL
:apple: Surrounds the buffer
:apple: Prevents the fiber cable from being stretched when it is being pulled
:apple: The material used is often the same material used to produce
bulletproof vests
BUFFER
:fire: Used to help shield the core and cladding from damage
TYPES OF FIBER MEDIA
Single Mode
:spiral_note_pad: small core
:spiral_note_pad: Less dispersion
:spiral_note_pad: Suited for long distance applications
:spiral_note_pad: Uses lasers as the light source
:spiral_note_pad: Commonly used with campus backbones for distances of several thousand meter
Multimode
:pen: Larger core than single mode cable
:pen: Allows greater dispersion and therefore, loss of signal
:pen: Suited for long distance applications, but shorter than single mode
:pen: Uses LEDs as the light source
:pen: Commonly used with LANs // distances of a couple hundred meters within a campus network
Network Fiber Connectors
Fiber Optic Connectors
ST Connectors
SC Connectors
LC Connector
Duplex Multimode LC Connectors
Common Fiber Patch Cords
SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord
LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord
ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord
SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord
Testing Fiber Cables
FIBER VS COPPER
Copper Media Safety
The separation of data and electrical power cabling must comply with safety codes
Cables must be connected correctly
Installations must be inspected for damage
Equipment must be grounded correctly
