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Human Body 人體組成, Cavernous Sinus 海綿竇 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Corpus Callosum
      - Hypothalamus
      - Mammillary Body
      - Interthalamic adhesion
      - Internal capsale
  - - - Globus Pallidus
      - Putaman
  - - - Superior Sagittal Sinus 上矢狀竇
      - Inferior Sagittal Sinus 下矢狀竇
    - - Straight Sinus 直竇
    - - Transverse Sinus 橫竇
  - - - CN I
      - CN II
    - - CN III
      - CN IV
      - CN VI
    - - CN V
      - CN VII
    - - CN VIII
      - CN IX
      - CN X
      - CN XI
      - CN XII
- - - - Forearm A. Actions of the wrist joint. Superficial (B), intermediate (C), and deep (D) muscles of the anterior forearm.
        
        Hand A. Fascia of the palm of the hand and carpal tunnel. B. Fascia of the posterior hand and extensor compartments. C. Actions of digits 2–4. D. Actions of digit 1 (thumb). E. Bones of the hand (anterior view).
        
        A. Muscles of the palm of the hand. B. Lumbrical muscles. C. Doral interossei muscles. D. Palmar interossei muscles.
        
        A. Ulnar nerve. B. Median nerve. C. Radial nerve.
        
        A. Superficial palmar arch. B. Deep palmar arch. C. Veins of the hand.
        
        A. Extensor expansion. B. Movements of the lumbrical and interossei muscles. C. Ligaments and joints of the hand.
        
        A. Lateral view of the forearm. Superficial (B) and deep (C) muscles of the posterior forearm.
        
        A. Median nerve (right forearm in supine position). B. Ulnar nerve (right forearm in supine position). C. Radial nerve (right forearm in prone position).
        
        A. Arteries and nerves of the anterior forearm. B. Arteries of the elbow and forearm.
        
        Posterior (A) and anterior (B) views of the wrist joint.
      - A. Musculocutaneous nerve innervation of muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm. B. Radial nerve innervation of the muscles in the posterior compartment of the arm and forearm. C. Arterial supply to the brachium. D. Triangular interval demonstrating the course of the deep artery of the arm and the radial nerve.
        
        A. Joints of the elbow. B. Joint capsule of the elbow. C. Joint capsule cut and open revealing the articulations. D. Superior view of the proximal radioulnar joint demonstrating the annular ligament.
    - - A. Muscles of the glenohumeral joint (posterior view). B. Lateral view of the rotator cuff muscles supporting the glenohumeral joint. C. Muscles of the glenohumeral joint (anterior view).
        
        A. Brachial plexus and topography of the axillary artery. B. Posterior division of the brachial plexus. C. Posterior view of the shoulder.
        
        A. Branches of the subclavian and axillary arteries. B. Posterior view of the shoulder arteries. C. Anastomoses of the shoulder arteries.
        
        A. Glenohumeral joint. B. Joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint. C. Rotator cuff with associated bursae. D. Rotator cuff from a lateral view.
  - - - Schematic of the brachial plexus showing the branches, cords, divisions, trunks, and roots.
        
        Sensory innervation of the upper limb: dermatomes (A) and cutaneous fields (B).
        
        A. Arterial supply of the upper limb. B. Superficial and C. Schematic of the vena comitantes around an artery. D. Deep veins of the upper limb.
- - - - Anatomy of the stomach. The principal secretions of the body and antrum are listed in parentheses.
        
        (a) The major stomach regions are the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus, all with longitudinal gastric folds, or rugae. The muscularis has three layers.(b) At the esophagogastric junction, stratified squamous epithelium (SSE) lining the esophagus is abruptly replaced by simple columnar epithelium (SCE) of the stomach.(c) The mucosa of the stomach wall contains invaginations called gastric pits that lead into gastric glands. These structures are lined by simple columnar epithelium containing five functional cell types.(d) A histologic section of the gastric mucosa shows the gastric pits (P) and glands (GG) surrounded by cells of the lamina propria. The underlying muscularis mucosae (MM) is also seen.
        
        Wall of the stomach with rugae. A low-magnification micrograph of the stomach wall at the fundus shows the relative thickness of the four major layers: the mucosa (M), the submucosa (SM), the muscularis externa (ME), and the serosa (S). Two rugae (folds) cut transversely and consisting of mucosa and submucosa are included. The mucosa is packed with branched tubular glands penetrating the full thickness of the lamina propria so that this sublayer cannot be distinguished at this magnification. The muscularis mucosae (arrows), immediately beneath the basal ends of the gastric glands, is shown. The submucosa is largely loose connective tissue, with blood vessels (V) and lymphatics.
        
        Gastric pits and glands. (a) SEM of the stomach lining cleared of its mucous layer reveals closely placed gastric pits (P) surrounded by polygonal apical ends of surface mucous cells.(b) A section of the same lining shows that these surface mucous cells are part of a simple columnar epithelium continuous with the lining of the pits (P). Each pit extends into the lamina propria and then branches into several tubular glands. These glands coil and fill most of the mucosa. Around the various cells of the closely packed gastric glands are cells, capillaries, and small lymphatics of the connective tissue lamina propria.
        
        Gastric glands. Throughout the fundus and body regions of the stomach, the gastric pits lead to gastric glands with various cell types.
        
        Pyloric glands.
      - Wall of the large intestine. (a) Diagram shows the wall of the large intestine composed of the four typical layers. The submucosa is well vascularized. The muscularis has a typical inner circular layer, but the outer longitudinal muscle is only present in three equally spaced bands, the teniae coli.(b) The mucosa is occupied mostly by tubular intestinal glands extending as deep as the muscularis mucosae and by lamina propria rich in MALT.
      - Colon mucosa. (a) Transverse section of the colon shows the muscularis externa (ME), including a tenia coli cut transversely in the lower part of the figure, the submucosa (S), the mucosa (M) filled with tubular intestinal glands. Some of these glands are cut longitudinally, but most seen here are cut transversely. (b) Transversely cut glands are seen to consist of simple columnar epithelium surrounded by a tubular lumen (L) and embedded in lamina propria (LP) with many free lymphocytes. Lymphocytes can also be seen penetrating the epithelium (arrow).(c) Longitudinal section of one intestinal gland stained for glycoproteins shows mucus in the lumen and two major cell types in the epithelium: goblet cells (G) and the neighboring columnar cells specialized for water absorption.(d) TEM of the absorptive cells, or colonocytes, reveals short microvilli at their apical ends and dilated intercellular spaces with interdigitating leaflets of cell membrane (L), a sign of active water transport. The absorption of water is passive, following the active transport of sodium from the basolateral surfaces of the epithelial cells.
    - - (a) The mucosa and submucosa are the inner two of the gut’s four concentric layers.(b) They form circular folds or plicae circulares, which increase the absorptive area.(c) They are lined by a dense covering of fingerlike projections called villi. Internally each villus contains lamina propria connective tissue with microvasculature and lymphatics called lacteals.(d) Villi are covered with a simple columnar epithelium composed of absorptive enterocytes and goblet cells.(e) At the apical cell membrane of each enterocyte are located dense microvilli, which serve to increase greatly the absorptive surface of the cell.
        
        Circular folds (plicae circulares) of the jejunum.
        
        Microvasculature, lymphatics, and muscle in villi.The villi of the small intestine contain blood microvasculature (left), lymphatic capillaries called lacteals (center), and both innervation and smooth muscle fibers (right).
        
        Duodenal (Brunner) glands.Concentrated in the upper duodenum are large masses of compound tubular mucous glands, the duodenal glands (DG), with many lobules that occupy much of the submucosa and may extend above the muscularis mucosae (MM) into the mucosa. Many small excretory ducts (D) extend from these lobules through the lamina propria and empty into the lumen among the small intestinal crypts. Alkaline mucus from duodenal glands neutralizes the pH of material entering the duodenum and supplements the mucus from goblet cells in lubricating and protecting the lining of the small intestine.