Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Pulmonary pathologies - Coggle Diagram
Pulmonary pathologies
Bronchiectasis
Dilation and destruction of bronchi as a result of recurrent inflammation and infection - permanent
Triad
of symptoms
Chronic cough
Excess purulent sputum production
Repeated infections
Why?
post severe lung infection
childhood disease
Immunodeficiency
Inhaled foreign bodies
Gastric reflux
Inflammatory bowel disease
arhtritis
severe allergic response to fungus or moulds
genetic
congenital
idiopathic
infection -> airways scared and inflammed -> airways widen -> cilia stop working -> Mucus collects -> repeat
Sputum
clear, colourless, yellow - Normal
Browns + dark greens (purulent) - sign for concern
consistency
When - ask when
How - effort, ease, position techniques
Asthma
Chronic inflammatory airway disease characterised by intermittent airway obstruction and hyper-reactivity
Often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment
Increases responsiveness of smooth mm in the bronchial wall to stimuli that are otherwise innocuous = hyper reactivity
Hypertrophy of the mucus glands = mucus production increases
Hyperactive airways respond to various stimuli by widespread inflammation
The muscles around your airways tighten, making your airways narrower
The airway lining also becomes inflamed causing a build-up of sputum
Airways become even narrower
With narrow airways, its harder to get air in and out of your lungs
Triggers: pollution, hay fever, pets, seafood, chemical, alcohol, exercise, cold weather, bird poo
Symptoms:
episodes of wheezy difficulty in breathing
Narrowing of the air passages in the lungs and hence increased resistance to airflow
Narrowing is due to different combo of: a. contraction of muscles around the air passages b. swelling of the airway lining due to airway inflammation c. excessive mucus in the airways
paid and considerable changes in airway obstruction (peak flow variation >= 20%
Frequent nocturnal episodes and low morning peak flow values
significant reversibility with the drugs which resemble adrenaline, the beta2 agonists
Significant reversibility with steroid drugs
Symptom-free periods
Frequent occurence of allergy
inflammation of the air passages, characterised by eosinophils in the airway wall
bronchial hyper-responsiveness to non-specific stimuli such as cold air or histamine
Physiological consequences:
Reduced expiratory volume (FEV1) -> hyperinflation of lungs
reduced air exchange during breathing
increased levels of co2 in lungs
hyperinflation disrupts perfusion:ventilation ratios
increased CO2 in blood (hypercapnia)
decreased o2 in blood (hypoxia)
Pneumonia
swelling of the tissue in one or both lungs. usually caused by a bacterial infection
Alveoli become inflamed and fill up with fluid or pus
High morbidity and mortality
Hospital acquired (HAP) community acquired (CAP), aspiration pneumonia, immunocomprided, pneumonia
normally result of a pneumococcal infection, caused by bacteria called streptococcus pneumoniae
S+S
Dysponea
Cough
sputum production
chest pain
fever
confusion
reduced lung expansion
crackles on auscultation
pyrexia
tchycardia
tachypnoeic
Complications
RF
Pleural effusion
Empyema
Lung absecess
Heart arrhythmias