2 techniques involving the direct introduction into an organism of heritable material prepared outside it, including macro-injection and microencapsulation;

3 cell fusion (including protoplast fusion) or hybridization techniques for the construction of live cells, which present new combinations of heritable genetic material, by merging two or more cells, using non-natural methods.

1 techniques for recombination of genetic material involving the formation of new combinations by the use of a vector of RNA DNA molecules or their derivatives, as well as their insertion into a host organism in which they do not appear by nature, but in which they can replicate continuously;

1 In the first case, an agrobacterium is used, a ubiquitous and harmless microorganism for humans that possesses the ability to transfer some of its genes to plants.

2 The second method, biolystics, allows to convey microprojects of gold or tungsten, covered with dna to be transferred, inside plant cells.

2 microin nitection in embryos of embryonic stem cells (which can be transformed before being inserted into the receiving embryo);

3 the use of unarmed retroviruses (riboNucleic Acid) capable of inserting the desired characters into the cell.

1 microinjection, which consists in the injection of genes of interest into the pronucleus of fertilized oocytes;