Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Political Participation - Coggle Diagram

- - - - elections have lost importance major issues (like welfare system) have been solved (Mark Franklin)
      - rise of social media replacement of participation by unconventional forms, such as social media (Arab spring)
      - counterarguments
        
        Big parts of the population don't use social media and are self-excluded
        
        Questionable that unconventional methods are of the same quality as conventional methods
        
        doubtful that unconventional methods can replace conventional ones entirely
        
        Most social media platforms are companies that make profit
        
        doubtful that contemporary arguments are 'about nothing' (domestic security, foreign policy, redistribution of wealth)
    - - more and more people don't or only periodically or randomly participate due to mistrust of the system
  - - - registration requirements
        
        US: having to register for voting, requirements for voting form blockage, favor Republican vote
        
        Norway/NL: automatic registration
      - electoral systems
        
        proportional - high turnout
        
        majoritarian - low turnout
      - compulsory voting
        
        con: it's not a duty but a right to vote (moral/religious objections to voting)
        
        pro: legitimately composed parliament
  - - - legal - host to lots of rules and regulations
      - low key - doesn't require much effort from a citizen
      - conventional - established political parties
- - - - religous associations
      - recreational associations
      - neighborhood associations
      - schools of democracy
        
        how to argue
        
        how to compromise
        
        how to cooperate
      - important for integration of people without individual resources
  - - - emergence of new forms of economic production: individual industrial centers and companies, disunification of the workforce, no collective organization
      - de-urbanization of living space: people increasingly move into suburbia, higher level of isolation of people in their own living spaces
  - - - generates beliefs in the social network that democratic systems work and can be trusted
      - creates space and time to political leaders when in government
    - - trust in one another increases likelihood to engage in collective solutions to political problems and projects
  - - - bonding social capital: integrate people that would possibly be entirely excluded from participation (KKK, cults)
      - bridging social capital: real ties that generate social capital (community house)
- - - - illegal participation: not codified, maybe tolerated in reality (boycotts, assassinations, kidnappings, riots)
      - legal participation: codified by law and permitted (voting, lobbying, petitions)
    - - low-key: doesn't require major time and effort from citizens (public advocacy)
      - intensive: requires long term effort (party activist, campaigner)
    - - conventional participation: takes place within formal politics and law, by official representatives
      - unconventional participation: takes place outside formal politics or even the law (rebellion movement, non-violent action)
  - - - concern
      - mobilization
      - enjoyment
      - responsibility
      - idealism
  - - - opinion poll: a series of questions asked in a standard way of a systematic sample of the population in order to gauge public opinion
      - sample survey: similar to an opinion poll but involving a more detailed questionnaire such surveys are often commissioned by governments or academic researchers
      - focus group: a moderated discussion among a small group of respondents on a particular topic, used to explore the thinking and emotions behind people's attitudes
      - deliberative opinion poll: an arrangement by which people are briefed by, and can question, experts and politicians on a given topic before their own opinions are measured
    - - the public as a whole is often ill-informed, especially on foreign policy
      - public opinion can evade trade-offs but governments cannot
      - public opinion offers few detailed policy prescriptions
      - perceptions held by politicians about public opinion are often inaccurate
  - - - women are less likely than men to think they are qualified to run for office, less competitive, more risk-averse
      - in some countries women are barred from running for elective office
      - women face more obstacles in accessing the resources needed to run for office, or in being selected by major political parties
      - gendered institutions: a body that operates with formal rules and informal conventions which, intentionally or unintentionally, advantage men over women
      - men are not ready to vote women into office
  - - - In poor countries there is no such thing as public opinion beyond local matters
      - Hard to run sample surveys when it's unclear how to define a representative sample
      - urban elites overrepresented
      - natural suspicion of pollsters, unfamiliarity with liberal interviewing techniques