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Case 1: Medical Biochemistry 1, Regeneration vs Fibrosis, image, image -…

- - - - What are the differences between Deoxyribonucleotide and Ribonucleotide ?
        
        Nitrogenous bases are different
        
        Deoxyribonucleotide has Thymine
        
        Ribonucleotide has Uracil
        
        Difference in Sugar Structure
        
        Deoxyribose Sugar: Hydrogen molecule is attached to Carbon 2
        
        Ribose Sugar: Hydroxyl Group is attached to Carbon 2
        
        List the Two Types of Nitrogenous Bases
        
        Purines: Adenine and Guanine
        Both Purines are found in DNA and RNA
        
        Pyrimidines: Thymine, Uracil and Cytosine
        DNA has Thymine and Cytosine
        RNA has Uracil and Cytosine
        
        Describe the differences between Purines and Pyrimidines
        Purines have two rings:
        
        A 6-membered ring on the left
        
        A 5-memebred ring on the right
        
        Pyrimidines have are smaller and ONLY one ring:
        
        A 6-memebred ring
        
        The formation of a Nucleotide
        A nucleotide can undergo a forward reaction of Condensation,
        A condensation reaction is a reaction that involves the loss of Water.
        As a result:
        Carbon-Nitrogen Bond becomes a Glycosidic Bond
        Carbon-Oxygen-Phosphate Bond becomes a Phosphoester Link
        NOTE: This can be reversed by a Hydrolysis reaction
        A Hydrolysis Reaction is the addition of water.
        
        List the types of Nucleotides according to the number of Phosphates attached to Carbon 5
        
        Nucleotide Monophosphate - 1 Phosphate Group
        Eg: Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP)
        
        Nucleotide Diphosphate - 2 Phosphate Groups
        Eg: Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
        
        Nucleotide Triphosphate - 3 Phosphate Groups
        Eg: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
        
        Adenine is the nitrogenous base present
        
        What are the names of the bonds between the Phosphate and Oxygen Molecules in the Phosphate group ?
        Bonds between the Phosphate and Oxygen Molecules in the Phosphate group are known as High Energy Bonds
        
        Why are they called high energy bonds ?
        There is a high energy currency in the molecule
        What is Adenine ?
- - - - Can DNA Replication take place at any point ?
        Yes, DNA replication can be initiated at many points
        Many replication bubbles will occur
        These replication bubbles will then expand towards each other, and eventually join to form a daughter DNA molecule.
        
        It is not possible for DNA replication to occur till the end of DNA strand
        Due to the presence of RNA Primers
        As a result the Okazaki fragments in the lagging strands will be joined by Ligase
        NOTE: Every time we replicate DNA we lose a few nucleotides from the End of the Lagging Strands
        Due to the DNA Polymerase not being able to reach end of Lagging Strand
        
        Telomeres
        What are Telomeres ?
        Telomeres protect the chromosomal ends, to prevent the loss of nucleotides
        However, if the DNA undergoes replication multiple times
        The telomere will begin to shorten, losing DNA nucleotides
        As a result the cell will go into Senescence, where it will not undergo replication.