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Protest and Reaction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - By 1972 University Campeses were places of revolution and left wing activity
      - In 1962, Hayden produced the port Huron statement which set out SDS' aims. Hayden stated that we are the people of the generation, bred in at least modern comfort. Housed in Unis and looking incomfortbaly at the US we will inherit
      - Hayden Claimed US was ran by big corporations and wanted to use participatory democracy to take it back
    - - 1964 first student demonstration took place in the University of Oklahoma, california. It was organised by the free speech movement and the protesters called for the ban on the political activity on the campus.
      - In 1968 221 major demonstrations took place, covering a wide range of areas such as opposition to the Vietnam war.
      - In 1965 Hayden organized a march on Washington DC, he tried to emulate the civil rights march of 1963 It was agaisnt VVietnam war
      - In spring 1957, 500,000 marchers went to New York City’s central park to protest against vietnam intervention
      - 1968 was the most dramatic year of protest. Campuses were taken over by student protestors who wanted to take over university education and end the Vietnam war.
    - - One of the most important protestswas Students for a Democratic Society, SDS. FOunded in the University of Michigan By Tom Hayden and Al Haber in 1960
      - The SDS, was an extreme political party. The Youth International Group caused Mayhem
    - - Student Protests were a big part of the anti vietnam movement
      - Taking control of unis and education
      - Changes when it comes to democratic leaders
    - - 1965 March on Washington byHayden achieved very little impact on the government or media
      - Radicalisatio of movement lost them suport
      - Movement fragmented after march
  - - - A major sign of the changes in youth culture were the changes in fashion, such as long beards, beads and faded jeans.
      - Young women sometimes discarded bras. Young people flouted the conventional views on sex.
      - Another important aspect of counterculture which can be traced back to the beatnik era, was experimentation with drugs such as marijuanna and heroin.
    - - In 1969 at Altamont rolling stones employed hells angels motorcycle gang to keep order in the concert.
      - In 1967 san francisco became the center of the flower power movement. Make love not war was a key slogan of the movement.
      - In the same year the Beatles released a hit single all you need is love. The rejection of traditional fashion, social and sexual behaviour and support for society caused a major split between youth and parents.
      - Counterculture also led to a revolution in popular music. In the late 1950s and 60s rock and roll and protest folk music became popular. However after 1963, bands like the Rolling stone and the doors were linked to rebellion and drug taking
      - The summer of 1969 at yasgur's farm in upper state new york. The woodstock music festival attracts 40,000 young people.
    - - 1967 the Beatles released a hit single all you need is love
      - Performers at the woodstock music festival included Joan Baez a leading protest folk singer who was active in civil rights movements
      - Jimi Hendrix, the grateful dead and janis joplin, Woodstock was the first of many massive outdoors concerts, became subject of film and counterculture
    - - Teenagers became identified as a separate group to adults. They had their own fashion, music and tastes completely different to their parents.
      - Became different and gained their own group and identity
      - Unity among people their own age
    - - Led to a split between parents and children
  - - - 1963 - 1972 was significant as it was the growth of the women's movement.
      - Television programmes depicted women as though their place was in the kitchen, and home cleaning and cooking. However the role of women was changing,
      - The contraception pill allowed women to control when they had children or not. This gave way to social and economic positions of women
    - - 1963 - 1972 was significant as it was the growth of the women's movement. by 1965 more than 25 million women were in regular employment.
      - Almost 40% of married women with children had full time or part time jobs by 1968.
      - Between 1964 and 1973, the proportion of women in the age group 20 to 24 years in employment rose from 50% to 61%
      - The 1964 Civil rights act encouraged women to seek equality with men. Section vII outlawed discrimination in employment, not just on account of race and religon but also sex.
      - In 1966 the basis of a women's movement was created in the US.
      - The 1964 civil rights act was used to force employers to offer better pay and conditions to women.
      - 1973 pressure from women's group and changes in attitude led US supreme court to declare abortiona legal
    - - The 1963 book, the feminine Mystique, by Betty Friedan, detailed how women should have the opportunity to experience alternative lifestyles.
      - The NOW was founded by Fiedan. They felt the federal government should attempt to give women equal work opportunities. NOW led a campaign to get equality for women in jobs, obtain federal and state support for childcare centres and legalise abortion.
      - NOW made complaints to the Equal Employment Opportunities Committee (EEOC). Regarding job discrimination.
      - In 1967 and 68 a network of young female activists began organising what was known as the women's liberation movement. A more radical organisation than NOW
      - This new movement reached national attention in 1968 when members of the WLM protested against the Miss america beauty pageant in atlantic city.
    - - The women's movement achieved major success in 1972, under section XI of the education act. Where if schools were to receive federal funding they had to eliminate sex discrimination.
      - US congress overwhelmingly approved an equal rights amendment to the US constitution, intended to enshrine the idea of sexual equality. Within a year 28 states had supported the amendment.
      - By 1972, womens organisations such as NOW and WLM had placed women's issues at national debate and helped persuade lawmakers to make major changes.
      - Implementation of contraceptive pills allowed people to choose when they were to get pregnant or not
      - Abortion became legal
    - - Although Congress approved of equal rights amendment to the constitution, it failed to gain 75% of states so it was not permanent to the constitution
  - - - In 1963 being gay was illegal in the US, during WW2 thousands of men and women had been dishounarbly discharged from the military if found to be gay
      - 1953, Eisenhower issued an executive prder that stated that being homosexual was a good reason to fire an employee
      - Gay communiteis existed before 1960s as underground communities in large cities such as san francisco and new york.
      - Gay men were subject to intimidation by police or random people known as gay bashing
    - - Important change in 1963-72 was the growing awarness and acceptance of homosexuality,
      - 1965 a small group marched in front of the white house to protest at repression of gay people in cuba and USA
      - The first major development occurred on 17th June 1969. On that day, the New York City Police raided the stonewall inn, a working class gay bar in Greenwich village, manhattan. The customers fought back and 3 days of rioting followed.
    - - The first male group supporting gay rights, the mattachine society was created in 1950,
      - 5 years later in 1955 a lesbian rigts group, the daughters of Bilitis, was set up in san francisco
      - The stonewall riots led directly to the creation of a gay liberation movement inspired by both civil rights and womens liberation movments. The gay liberation movement also encouraged gay men and women to come out and declare their homosexuality.
    - - One of the Gay Liberation movements early campaigns was to get the American Psychiatric Society to remove homosexuality from its liust of mental illnesses. The society finally remo0ved homosexuality from the list in 1973
      - By 1973, almost 800 gay and lesbian organisations had been formed across the USA. Gay churches, synagogues, bars, resturants, community centres and health clinics were established. The haight-ashbury district of san francisco became an openly gay district
    - - However there was still homophobia throughout the population of the USA. an example of this is Harvey Milk being assasinated for being gay.
- - - - Why did it happen
        
        Civil rights groups such as, NAACP, SCLC, CORE and SNCC putting pressure on the government, such as the March on washington and greensboro sit ins
        
        Sympathetic Northern Whites to the civil rights movement, demonstrated in march on washington
        
        It would be a suitable tribute to JFK who introduced the bill
        
        President Johnson’s commitment to civil rights and his persuasion of congress
      - What did it do
        
        This gave the feeral governmnet the legal tools to edn dejure segregation in the south.
        
        Racial segregation was no longer enshrined by law and transports, schools, hospitals, play areas, public places and cineams all had to be desegregated and more
      - Consequences
        
        revolutionised the south, many public places desegregated
        
        By 1973 Half of black children attended white majority schools, however by that year a process of resegregation was taking place
        
        Did very little to facilitate black voring in the deep south
    - - Why choose selma
        
        MLK chose selma because it had a population of 29,000 with half of them being black, but only 23 of them were registered. He campaigned agaisnt disenfrachisement
        
        Also chose selma because he knew the sheriff will react violently to the protest, sparking conflic and gaining media support and putting pressure on the government
      - What did he do
        
        He made sure the protest would remain non violent, so that whites would seem violent towards the peaceful march in order to demonstrate white rascism at its worst
        
        he aimed to expose white brutality and black disenfranshisemnt. also hoped this would force congress to respond to the presidents request for voting rights legislation
        
        King led would be vooteres to get registered but whites through venomous snakes at the,, one trooper shot a youth shielding their mother and the sheriff clubbed a woman
      - Consequences
        
        King was jailed and wrote an effective letter which was published in the New York times, SCLC and SNCC organised a march from selma to montgomery in order to furhter publicise their casue,
        
        when state soldiers turned violent ,black activists christened it bloody sunday which made worldwide headlines and forced congress into passing a voting rights act
    - - What happened
        
        first rally had 30,000 people show up rather than the 100,000 expected to show
        
        Heatwave occured which caused people in the black neighbourhoods to use fire hydrants to cool down, local gov turned off water to the hydrants
        
        Protezst was laucned over the fire hydrants and quickly became violently
        
        Following the riots king tried to engage teh chicagos black community in peaceful protests, he targed housing marcehs through white areas , king was bombarded by rocks
        
        with increased threat of violence, there were negotiations for them to respect fair housing
      - Who was involved
        
        SCLC
        
        CCCO
        
        MLK
        
        Jesse Jackson
        
        Chicago mayor, richard Dayley
        
        Chicago police chief Richard Bogilive
      - Limitations
        
        Incredibly violent protests, white aggressive and blacks aggressive towards each other, neither side was willing to settle for peace
      - Significance
        
        MLK first northern camopaign, aimed to settle unfair hosuing between blacks and white. his failure to deal with it led to fruther criticsims of kings leadership
    - - What Happened
        
        inj response to chicago King planend the PPC, his aim was to create a coalition large enough to tackle economic and social problems.
        
        They campaigned for better standards of living, involving occupying government buildings and boycotts, They aimed for
        
        Federal Budget of $30 billion a year to combat poverty
        
        Government committment to full employment
        
        government initiatives to build 1/2 a millon houses a year
      - Who was involved
        
        Puerto ricans
        
        Mexicans
        
        Amerian Idnians
        
        Poor whites
        
        Blacks
      - Signifcance
        
        Marked radicalisation in Kings approach
        
        reflected King chaning his mind about American politics
    - - What was ot
        
        It was a study of the economic postion of black aemricans, it drew atetnion to the high levels of crime within black neighbourhoods, and poor living conditions of black families
        
        Also notted the ghettoisation of the north was leading to de facto segregation of education and housing
      - Significance
        
        President Johnsohn used the report to help boost economic equality, however it instead increased tensions between whites and blakcs. it was also used by whites for wh blacks shouldnt be economically equal