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Disability in Aotearoa - Coggle Diagram
Disability in Aotearoa
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Immigrants with disability were not welcome. "Blind, deaf, dumb, lunatics, cripples, idiots (1892 Immigration Act) Chinese Immigrants deterred too!
1840 Treaty of Waitangi disadvantaged Māori, still more effected by disabilty than Pakeha
PRE 1900
Jails for mental illness. First lunatic Asylum 1854, mental health issues, intellectual impairment, disabled children, alcoholics, elderly and homeless people
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1880, Van Asch opened for Deaf and Dumb. Oral language & lip Reading
1870's Social Darwinists: eugenic beliefs. reduce human suffering by “breeding out” disease, disabilities and so-called undesirable characteristics, as below, from the human population.
1877 Education Act: Free, secular, primary school education. Act’s aim was an educated workforce, also enabled state surveillance of children
1903: "The Fertility of the Unfit" Sterilisation of those unfit to breed (mental, moral & physical impairments
1910: Eugenics Education society - Truby King. Linked intellectual impairment and some physical impairments like epilepsy to inferiority and moral degeneracy.
1911 Mental Defectives Act classified groups 6 categories: “persons of unsound mind”, “mentally infirm”, “idiots”, “imbeciles”, “feeble-minded” and “epileptics”.
1914: Education Act required parents, teachers and police to report ‘mentally defective’ children
1908: Salisbury School for "feeble girls and Campbell Park School for feeble boys run by Education Dpt.
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1922: Committee of Inquiry into Mental Defectives and Sexual Offenders which reinforced the links between intellectual impairment, moral degeneracy & sexual offending in the public mind. Due to 'feeble-minded women infecting men, debauchery and corruption
1928: SterilisationRejected under Labour Govt Peter Fraser, against Eugenics.
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1930 - 1950
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1945: End WW2: Rehabilitation strongly linked with employment potential, as in the development of the organisation, the Rehabilitation League now Workbridge Employment Service
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Post WW2: Need for better psychiatric treatment, physiotherapy and plastic surgery
Post WW2: Improved medical skills such as treatment for burns, plastic surgery and orthopaedics.
1935 Crippled Children’s Society formed to deal with physical impairments like polio. Labour Government (elected in 1935) established free hospital care.
1938: Social Security Act founded the welfare state, some disability support and pensions.
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1948: Intellectually Disabled Children’s Parents’ Association (now IHC) formed by parents of children with impairments, including intellectual disability. Non institutionalised units for children as recommended by World Health Organisation
IHC lead to Autism NZ, Parent to Parent & Down Syndrome Assoc.
POST 1950
to 2021+
1960's Expansion of psychopaedic institutions – including Templeton, Kimberley, Braemar and Mangere — into large ‘mental deficiency colonies’ . Parents encouraged to send their children there by age 5.
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1973: Royal Commission on psychopaedic hospitals recommended transference from large institutions to community care. This took 3 decades
Education
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1995 Policy of Special Education 2000: mainstreaming of children with ‘special educational needs’ in regular schools and to close units and special schools. $ limited this policy being met.
1989 Education Act Section 8: legislated for the right for all disabled children to attend their local school on the same terms as other children.
2019: MoE sets out a plan to increase access to education and support for disabled children over time. Units being built attached to Mainstream schools to support Inclusion.
1974: ACC. Changes in Building Accessibility Code. First time rulings supported those with disabilities
1975: Disabled Persons Community Welfare Act provided for those with impairments that weren't Accidental
1990 Templeton Closed
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2007: Confidential Forum for Former In-Patients of Psychiatric Hospitals - abuse, distressing living conditions
1939: Rights to Education for all Children; to the best of their abilities and the fullest extent of their powers.”
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