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Second Language Learning - Coggle Diagram
Second Language Learning
Learning conditions 
Young learners and older learners try to speak the language at different pace. Young ones are allowed to speak when they feel ready. Moreover, they have more exposure of listening the language by listening to music and playing videogames. On the other hand, we have older learners who are forced to speak the language in order to use it in everyday life.
When learners get exposed to the language only within the classroom might struggle to enhance their abilities since there is no other ways of practicing their skills. Therefore, they have to take advantage of every second they spend in the classroom.
There is no feedback outside the classroom. Therefore, learners will not find out whether they are making a mistake or not unless they are being listened to by the instructor.
Learners' characteristics
Among the general characteristics, we the fact that all learners have already acquired a language. This might ease the learning process or make it more challenging. The thing is some learners may relate their first language with the one they are learning. If these languages have some similarities, then that will enhance their proficiency. Otherwise, it might lead to incorrect ideas regarding the target language.
When it comes to cognitive maturity, we have the older learners who have already develop it, and the younger learners who have not achieved this maturity completely.
Learners may vary in their proficiency in the second language acquisition depending on their past experiences of their learning processes. We can find some learners that might feel confident when trying to communicate even though they are not doing it correctly. On the other hand, we find some learners that face anxiety when they try to speak in the target language due to the fear of making mistakes.
Metalinguistic awareness allows learners to get involved during the class with willingness, which will help them to develop their skills with the limited exposure they have within the classroom.
Second Language Learning Perspectives
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The Innatist Perspective
Rejects behaviorist perspective and states five hypotheses:
- Acquisitional learning: we acquire language by the exposure of it and no conscious attention, but we use the consciousness to form and rule learning.
- Monitor: learners draw what they have acquired when they get involve in spontaneous conversations.
- Natural order: second language acquisition unfolds in predictable sequences. That is, the easiest language rules are not the first to be acquired.
- Comprehensible input: getting exposed to comprehensible language.
- Affective filter: barrier of the learning process even when learners get exposed to comprehensible language.
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