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Culture & Gender - Coggle Diagram
Culture & Gender
Differences
Personality
Chapter 6 in textbook
Aggression
Stereotype: Consistent with research findings
violent crime statistics universally higher for males
Differences observed early
Violence Against Women: correlated with gender inequality; Culture; Intimate partners
Explanations
Evolutionary: universal, testosterone
Socialization: Variability, Culture teach aggression, Societal acceptance, culture of honour
Sex & Sexuality
Chastity in women
Sexual Orientation
Gender related acts: Female Genital multination
Mate
Jealousy
Jealousy & Infidelity: Males-sexual, Females-emotional
Evolutionary explanation
Mate Selection: Chapter 14
Conformity & Obedience
In tight cultures females are more likely to conform
Informational vs. Normative Conformity
Public vs. Private - Self vs other outcomes
Analysis of advertisements in Korean and USA magazines. Korean = more conformity, USA = More Uniqueness
Stereotype: Women conform more
Cognitive
Spatial
Tasks
Block Design - 17 cultures, Males better in tight cultures, Females better in loose cultures
Berry
1996 - No gender difference in Inuit
Men better at spatial
Boy more relevant play
Verbal
Women better at verbal
Differences smaller across generations
Biology: testosterone and brain development
Division of Labour
Housework: Females do more than males
Family Roles
Explanation: Biological, Culture
Hofstede's Masculinity Dimension
Rel
Traditional, important in life, Priests male, sex for procreation
Sex
Moralistic, double standard, women passive, homosexuality taboo
Across countries, sexism correlated with gender inequality
Changing in Gender Roles
Especially in certain regions of the world
Gender roles & stereotypes do persist
Gender Inequality around world (UN)
Violence against women
Obstacle to progress
can cause tensions between tradition and progress
Studying Gender Differences
challenge in some countries because of cultural and ethnic diversity
Stereotypes & Roles
Stereotypes
Williams & Best
M+
Extroversion, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, Openness
More Favourable in Japan & South Africa
F+
Agreeableness
More Favourable in Italy & Peru
Big-5
Feminine: Affectionate, dependent, cautious, changeable
Masculine: aggressive, autocratic, active, determined
There are consistencies, but some differences
There are some stand out countries with regards to male stereotypes & this traits: Aggressive, Emotional, Flirtatious, Prejudice. No Country was stand out across the board
Corralation
Age
Similar for children but some increase with age
Explanations: Hyde Gender Similarities Hypothesis
Culture
Strength of stereotype varies across culture; Some may promote them.
More Traditional: Indians, Japanese
Both M & F were asked which traits were more true for men and women. There were vast differences between answers but generally upheld the stereotypes
Roles
Hofstede's Masculinity
Some countries foster and maintain gender differences: Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy. Others do not: Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden
Some countries endorse stereotypical masculine values:
Sexual behaviour - moralistic, double standard, ego-oriented sex, sexual harassment, sex linked to violence in media
Religion: 'tough' religions, traditional, male priests, sex for procreation
USA
African-Americans
M&F more androgynous, endorse male traits
Female-headed homes in USA
Male role models, correlated with poverty
Asian Americans
F: Domestic, "good" daughter-in-law
M: Aloof, unemotional, authority, especially family issues
Mexican Americans
Traditional
F: care for children and home
M: Male Machismo, strong, unemotional, masculine, authoritative, aggressive
Native Americans
Variable
Tribal culture, patriarchal or matriarchal
Oral reports of pre-contact, European influence
Ideology
Gender Roles: how men and women ought to be
Ideal more masculine for both M & W. Favourability, strength, activity are more male traits. Kindness, honesty are positive for both
Sex Roles
Traditional (Patriarchal) <-> Egalitarian dimension
Participation of women in politics correlates: Women slightly more egalitarian, economic development, education of women, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Religion
Introduction
Gender vs. Sex
Gender - behaviour deemed appropriate by culture
Sex - Biological differences
Issues
Classification - Increasingly complex terminology, Controversies, Minority (heterogeneous), Three Dimensions: biological sex, gender identity, sexual orientation
Limited Minority Research: Specialty Journals, Mental/Physical Health Emphasis, Selective Samples, Diverse samples
Psychological Study Questioned: Political ideology (Destined to different sphere), Problematize the essentializing and biologically deterministic nature of Evolutionary psychological theories about sex
Gender Similarities: 12M subjects, Small effect sizes, differences at extremes
Clinical Issues: Gender Dysphoria, Male/Female Comparisons, Biological Sex, Sexual Orientation-Self Report, Gender Identity-transgender rare in random sample but increasing over the years
Model