War, Revolution and Global Uncertainty- Ch.27
Emma Goldman (SIO)
Who was she? She was an anarchist (there shouldn’t be an big authority ruling), a true revolutionary, she believed that it needed to be extreme
She spoke out to extreme poverty, roles of women, and workers rights, and was against violence of the First World War.
She had experienced poverty and discrimination as she was a young immigrant, she was called the worlds most dangerous women, red Emma and she was taken to prison for her beliefs.
What were the 5 main causes for the WWI?
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian empire. (GOV)
Arms and naval race
-fuel of imperialism, since there was an increase in production and need of raw materials.
-France and Germany were building up their military, and these built tension between other empires. British and Germany also increased their naval power to protect their borders. (ECN)
Religious Differences: many alliances based on religion. (CDI)
-Serbians and Russians had alliances since Orthodox Christianity
-Bosnia and Ottomans were unified through Islam.
-Croatians and Australia alliances with Catholicism.
Ideologies
-Militarism, nationalism, imperialism, liberalism.
(CDI)
Alliances
-Triple Entente was Britain, France and Russia. Later Italy would switch over. Later with the help of the US.
-Triple Alliance: German, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that later would leave. (GOV)
Total War
Women would take over jobs of men, since their husbands would go to war. Opened up a lot of opportunities to women mostly in factories. They ran family farms, and workers as nurses for the men in war. But women were getting overwhelmed with the work, having to work extra shifts, raise children, take care of the house, all without help. (SIO)
Colonies were involved in this concept of total war since they had to fight for the very imperial powers who were oppressing them, and they were often sent to front lines or had to do difficult labor to protect the imperial powers. For example French put Vietnamese and Chinese men to fight on the western front and to work on rice and rubber plantation to sustain the war efforts. Indian, West Africans, and Vietnamese were also used by the British and the French, who would produce coffee, rubber, tin, and other goods for imperial forces. (SIO)
The concept of Total War was a unification for war effort. Convince people to unify in economy to the war effect, used propaganda, patriotic ideas to fight for their country. The government tells the product what they produce and use, they control the economy. Everything is being produced for war and people are having to move around the world to fight. (GOV)
-Warfare dramatically increased casualties since civilians were attacked, and more advanced and destructive weapons were available.
-Little medical knowledge, people with shell shocked (PTSD) did not get the medical help they needed.
-Trench warfare (western front- like separating the elaborate trenches of German and Allied positions), would dig trenches, soldiers were stuck there for months or more, led to stalemate, no one was making progress. (ENV)
-Machine guns, bombs, tanks, airplanes, telegraph and telephone, gas weapons all new technologies. There were a lot of spies, some including women. (TEC)
US coming in strong was the turning point of the WWI. They provided massive numbers of fresh troops, which enabled them to break through the stalemate of trench warfare on the Western front. You may wonder why?
They joined the war since Germans forced them in by sinking their ships (sinking of the Lusitania by German u-boats). Woodrow Wilson was the current president of the US. (TEC)
Fronts
Western front: the line separating the elaborate trenches of German and Allied positions, whish soon became almost immobile, trench warfare. (ENV)
Eastern front: the front in Russia during WWI, The German army moved quickly across eastern Europe into Russia, low morale plagued the poorly equipped Russian army in the face of superior German technology. (ENV)
Southern front: the front in WWI caused by the Ottoman empire’s decision to ally with the German army. British mobilized colonial forced from India, Egypt, and Austria to engage Ottoman forced at Gallipoli, British forces also occupied Mesopotamia and Palestine. (ENV)
What were the effects of the WWI?
Austrian and Ottoman empires collapses. (GOV)
German revolution leading to the fall of Russia and Germany constitution monarchy. (GOV)
Paris Peace Conference: resulted in the Versailles treaty, which added to ports WWI tensions. A war-guilt clause and reparations payments destabilized Germany, and efforts to created stable nation from former imperial provinces in eastern Europe were problematic. (GOV)
Extreme governments would take over and many revolutions would occur. (GOV)
Principal leaders at the Paris Peace Conference: Woodrow Wilson of the US, George Clemenceau of France, and David Lloyd George of Britain.
The allied did agree to Wilson’s plan for a League of Nation: a assembly of sovereign states, advocated by Woodrow Wilson that was intended to provide a permanent diplomatic forum in the hopes of avoiding future conflict.
One of Wilson's 14 points, the right of people to national self-determination was not one of the points accepted by the Paris Peace Conference, and did not result in the autonomy of new states.
-This failed because the major power were selfish and just wanted to benefit themselves. This increased tensions.
-Russia was not present during the Paris Peace Conference.
Germany
What were the effects of Germany’s war reparations ?(ECN)
-astronomical inflation
-demilitarization
-colonies in Africa and the Pacific were redistributed among the other major powers.
Weimar Republic: the government of Germany created after WWI, based on a liberal democratic constitution. The new republic was immediately faced with huge war debts, political turmoil and rising inflation. (GOV)
British
The British made a promise to the Hashemite family to support the autonomy of the Arabs. But they signed a secret treaty with the French arranging to divide the Ottoman provinces among themselves. The French controlled Syria and Lebanon. (GOV)
Iraq was totally constructed by Britain, divide by Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. They put a Sunni as a king (GOV)
Balfour Declaration: committed the British government to supported the creation of a national home for the Jews, in Palestine. Most of the people in Palestine were Muslims, so they didn’t like this migration of the Jews. British has only selfish decision for they wanted an alliance with the Jew. Many protests of the Muslims, not letting Jews enter Palestine. (CDI)
Mandate system: the former Ottoman provinces and German colonies were redistributed among the major powers, but they were not given independence. Based on the idea that those societies were “not ready” for surviving on their own. (GOV)
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Britain gained East Africa, the French gained much more of West Africa. Belgians expanded in Central Africa. Many African nationalism rose up and fought for their independence.
In South Africa there was the African national congress was formed. It had British and Dutch influence, but they called for the right to vote and for the end of segregation. (GOV)
British and France fought over Turkey, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. They confronted many nationalists combined with socialism.
Mexico
Mexican constitution of 1917 resulted from the compromised of socialism and communism. Educational reforms had much opposition from the church. (GOV)
China
In China, following the Boxer revolution, Sun Yat-sen declared a republic of China. It was a attempted to combine nationalism and liberalism with a republic but it failed. (GOV)
May Fourth Movement: Chinese young people led nationalism revolutions, universities students, opposition in Japan acquisition of German consecution. Wanted to restore Chinese dignity. (GOV)
The communism party was formed and they tried to take over the government. They made an alliance with Chiang Kai-shek, who would soon be the leader, but he ended up going against the communists. He used propaganda in even educational systems. (GOV)
Russia
In Russia, there was an Russian revolution in the end of WWI, and a group of Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin they fought to change Russia to a powerful communist country, but they also wanted to change the whole world to that way. Tsar Nicholas murders the protesters, but he creates a representative assembly, the Tuma, he also started a catch program to fund industrialization. It caused on higher taxes to the poor, bringing even more horrible conditions to the workers. (ECN and GOV)
The machinist, the social democrats, believed the old order had to be hidden of to allow new reforms. They split into two fractions, the Menshuviks, the traditional ones, and the Bolshuvicks, who believed revolutionary vanguard, thought the country was not modernized enough and the peasants were not well educated, he wanted dictatorships to achieve communism. (GOV)
Soviets emergence where all people have the right to speak and be representative, a true democracy, where there is no government in control. They emerged in the October Revolution. (GOV)
Lenin was leading the communism campaigns. He took over and organized a secret police force. Russia became a communist state. New Economic Policy: allowed peasants to keep the land, and allowed private business. (GOV)
When Lenin dies, Stalin takes over. He was against Trotsky, and was a crazy ruler who would kill anyone that opposed him. His goal was to industrialize Russia, transform it to a modernized state. His slogan was Socialism in One Country, saying that Soviet socialism could achieve without passing through a capitalist phase or revolution in industrial societies. He nationalized the economy in the attempt to industrialize Russia. (ECN)
Party of the Mexican revolution: broght debates between moderates and the more radical supporters of the social clauses into a single political party (GOV)