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Marco Sesar Period 5: Lymph Immune System - Coggle Diagram
Marco Sesar Period 5: Lymph Immune System
Lymphatic
Function
Return leaked proteins back to the blood
Drain excess fluid from tissue
Return clean fluids
Defense and Resistance to disease
Digesting tract fats
Immune
Function
1st line of defense (non-specific)
Includes the skin
Sweat
Saliva
Mucous
Tears
Fails
2nd line of defense (specific)
Natural Killer Cells
Lymphocyte-defends various viruses and cancer cells
Perforins- cytolytic substances (enhance inflammation)
Inflammation
A tissue response to pathogen
Redness, swelling, heat, and pail
invastion of white blood cells into a certain area.
Blood Clotting
Phagocytes
Active neutrophils and monocytes
Neutrophios
Engulf smaller particles
Monocytes
Engulf larger particles
Removes foreign particles
Fever
Provides protection against infection by interfering with time proper conditions that promote bacterial growth
Phagoctytic cells attack with greater vigor when temp. rises
Fails
In protecting the body from bacteria or viruses.
3rd line of defense
Cell-mediated Defense
T-cell
Interact directly with antigen-bearing cells
Memory T-cells
Remembers pathogen, so attacking it becomes quicker next time
Cytotoxic T-cell
Eliminates tumor cells and virus infected cells
Hummoral Defense
B-cells
Encounters antigens, so T-cell releases cytokines. Allowing the B-cell to divide
Plasma cell
Once a B-cell, but now produces antibodies
Memory B-cells
Remembers pathogen to attack it quicker if it reappears
Anatomy
Tonsils
Three masses of lymphoid tissue around the opening of the mouth and throat.
Palatine tonsils ("the tonsils")
Pharyngeal tonsils (actenoids)
Lingual tonsils
Subject to chrome infection
Effect
Enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils may impair breathing
Spleen
Upper left abdominal cavity
Largest lymphatic organ
Contains blood instead of lymph
White pulp (many lymphocytes)
Red pulp (red blood cells; macrophages, lymphocytes)
Function
Filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria
Thymus
Location: Behind sternum; above heart
Large in children; microscopic in elderly
Surround by CT capsule that extends inside it and divides into lobules
Lobules contains lymphocytes
Some mature into T-cells that leave thymus to provide immunity
Secretes hormones = thymosins- regulate T-cell development
Bone Marrow
Site of blood cells and immature lymphocyte formation
B lymphocyte or B cell maturation
Lymph Nodes
Contain Lymphocytes and Macrophages
Clean the lymph as it flows through the node
Bean-shaped= Blood vessels, nerves and efferent lymph vessels
Covered with CT that extends the node and divides into nodules and sinuses
Innate (non specific) Defense
Responds rapidly
"Born with it"
Include- species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis and fever.
Species Resistance
A species is resistance to disease that affect other species
Mechanical Barriers
1st line of Defense
The rest of the innate defenses are part of the 2nd line of defense
Unbroken skin and mucous membrane create that prevent the entry
Skin, hair, mucus, sweat
Chemical Barriers
Interferons are produced by cells when they are infected with viruses and induce nearby cells to produce antiviral enzymes that protect them from infection; also phagocytosis
Adaptive (specific) Defense
The response mounted by the body against specific recognized foreign molecules.
Cytokines
Signal cells
Used to communicate with other cells to start an immune response
Chemokines
Released by infected cells to start immune response
Antigens
Immune Response=protein, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, or glycolipids
Is either entire pathogen or part of it
Anything that can cause an immune response
Lymphocytes
During fetal development, red bone marrow releases lymphocytes into circulation
70-80% of which become T cells and the remainder B cells
Stems cells reach thymus become T cells
B cells mature in bone marrow
Both Cells reside in lymphatic organs
Cellular Immune Response
1
T cell activation requires the presence of an antigen-presenting cell, such as a B cells or macrophage ( has encounter antigen)
2
T cell activation= encounter a macrophage displaying the antigen on its major histocamptibility complex (MHC) proteins; if the antigen fits the T cell's antigen receptor, it becomes activated
3
Activated T cells interact directly with antigen-bearing cells and such cell-to-cell contact
4
T cells also synthesize and secrete cytokins that will enhance cellular response to antigens
5
A helper T cell stimulates B cells to produce antibodies for the displayed antigen
6
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) continually monitor the body's cells, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and virus-infected cells
Cytokines from helper T cells will activate the cytotoxic T cell which will then clone
It will bind to antigen-bearing cells and release perforin that cuts pores into the cell destroying it.
7
Memory T cells provide a no-delay response to any future exposure to the same antigen
Hummoral Immune Response
1
A B cell may become activated and produce a clone of cells when its antigen receptor encounters its matching antigen, but most B cells need helper T cells for activation
2
When a helper T cell (CD4) encounters a B cell that has itself encountered an antigen, the helper T cell releases cytokines that activate B cell, so it can divide= clones
3
Some of the B cells become plasma cells, producing and secreting antibodies (immunoglobins)
4
Like T cells, some of the B cells become memory B cells to respond to future encounters with the antigen
5
Antibody-mediated immune response is also called hummoral immune response
Antigens
A toxin or other foreign substance that prompts an immune response in the body, especially with antibodies.
Activates lymphocytes (white blood cells) that attack diseases.
They are seen in invaders(pathogens) and transplanted organs and tissues.
Antigens that are connected with the pathogen that have infected the cell awakens cytotoxic cells.
Macrophages that process the pathogen transfers the antigen to the its surface
Signals Helper T cells
Then those signal cytotoxic cells
Can also signal B cells
B cells release antibodies which attracts to antigens
Deactivate the pathogen
The immune system recognizes that is foreign to the body
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins
Soluble protein secreted by plasma cells (derived from B cells)
Opsonization
Some act as labels to be identified by other immune cells for phagocytosis.
Neutralization
Antitoxins, blocking effects of poisons produced by certain bacteria.
Agglutination
Some clump with other antibodies to for clots in blood, used for blood typing.
Complement Fixation
Occurs when complement proteins attach to antigen or foreign substance(bacteria)= activates immunity.
Precipitation
Antigen-antibody complex becomes so large it is insoluble and less likely to spread.
Actions:
Carried by body fluids, capable of binding specifically to antigens
5 Types: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
Cells
Natural Killer Cells
Defend against various viruses and cancer cells
Perforins- cytolytic substances enhance inflammation.
Neutrophils
Engulf Smaller particles
Monocytes
Engulf larger ones
Macrophages
Are formed from monocytes which are given rise to macrophages
Red pulp (Red blood cells)
Carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
Returns carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs
Cytotoxic Cells (CD8)
Continually monitor the body's cells
Recognizes and eliminates tumor cells and virus-infected cells.
Activates with the help of cytokines from helper T cells.
Helper T Cells (CD4)
Stimulates B cells to produce antibodies for the displayed antigen.
T Cells
Cause direct destruction of virus invaded cells and mutant cells.
Activates with the presence of an antigen-presenting cell
Synthesize and secrete cytokins that will enhance cellular response to antigens.
B cells
Secrete antibodies that indirectly lead to the destruction of foreign material involved in antibody-mediated immunity.
Need helper T cells for activation
Divides and makes clones
Becomes
Plasma cells
Producing and secreting antibodies
Memory T cells
Provide a no-delay response to any future exposure to the same antigen.
Memory B cells
Respond to future encounters with the antigen
Disorders
Edema
A condition that interferes with the flow in lymph
Fluids are not returned to vascular system (accumulate in tissue).
HIV
H=Human I=Immunodeficiency V=Virus
Transmission
Unprotected Sex contact
Vaginal, oral, or anal-infected partner
Sharing unsterilized needles or syringes
Using drugs in a healthcare setting
During pregnancy or birth and through breastfeeding
HIV+ mother to baby
Blood transfusions
Infected blood
Major Symptoms
Chronic Diarrhea
Prolonged Fever
Loss of more than 10% body weight
Minor Symptoms
Cough (more than a month)
Itchy skin rash
Group of blisters
Swollen lymph glands
White curd like patched on tongue/throat
Intro
Once infected= HIV positive
NO sign of symptoms
Can get HIV from hugging or holding hands
Not spread through sneezes or coughs
AIDS
Can take years to develop
Eventually the virus kills or impairs more and more cells in the immune system and the body loses the ability to fight off common infections
People with AIDS can die from diseases that are usually not dangerous for people with healthy immune system.
From HIV to AIDS
AIDS is diagnosed when your white blood cell count is at 200 cells or lower and have an opportunistic infection
Modes of Transmission
Blood, Blood products, tissues, organs
More than 90%
Sexual Intercourse
0.1% to 1%
Parent to child
30%
ABSTINENCE
100% No HIV through sexual contact