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RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION - Coggle Diagram
RELIGIOUS WARS AND THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
RELIGIOUS WARS
Carlos I (known as Carlos V at 1519)
the Catholic Monarchs' grandson and King of Spain
was appointed Emperor
in 1519
He was a devout Catholic and tried to mediate in this conflict to prevent the division of the Church
Consequences of religious division in Europe
Protestants and Catholics persecuted each other in the areas they dominated
The Pope and the Emperor became less influential
The Protestant kings and nobles gained more power by taking over their national churches and their possessions
In 1521
The Church
excommunicated Luther
It was unsuccessful because he received the protection of the German nobles
attempted to prosecute him for heresy
They saw an opportunity to increase their possessions and their autonomy from the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Various meetings took place, such as the Diet of Worms
The Catholics considered the Lutherans Protestants, but they referred to themselves as the Reformed.
But no agreement was reached
A civil war broke
The Emperor supported the Pope and the Church
the Protestant German princes supported Luther and formed an alliance called the Schmalkaldic League
the Emperor and the Catholic German princes defeated the League at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547
France sided against the Emperor, resulting in a greater balance of military power
Finally, the Peace of Augsburg was signed in 1555, under which the Emperor granted the Protestant princes religious freedom.
This agreement did not result in religious peace in Europe. On the contrary, it provoked a series of religious wars:
In the Low Countries
The Dutch War of Independence or Eighty Years' War took place
This was both a rebellion against Spanish rule and a civil war between the Calvinists and Catholics
It ended with the victory of the Calvinists in the northern provinces.
In the British Isles
The Wars of the Three Kingdoms took place
These were a series of conflicts among the Catholics, Anglicans and Puritans in England, Scotland and Ireland
which ended with the Anglicans gaining power
In France
The wars between Catholics and Protestants continued into the second half of the 16th century
These conflicts ended in 1598 when King Henry IV signed the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Protestants a certain amount of religious freedom
THE COUNTER OF REFORMATION
The Counter-Reformation was a religious, intellectual and political movement led by the Catholic Church against the Protestant Reformation
The Council of Trent, which has held between 1545 and 1563, established the Catholic Church’s course of action in three main areas:
Internal reform
Measures were taken to resolve internal corruption
Seminaries and universities were founded to improve the training priests received
Bishops were more strictly controlled
The Society of Jesus also gained importance
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, who vowed obedience to the Pope
The Jesuits became the main group responsible for spreading the teachings of the Counter-Reformation
The repression of Protestantism,
whose followers were considered heretics
The Inquisition was reinforced and an Index of forbidden books
which opposed the Catholic faith, was published
The clarification of their teachings
The dogmas and principles that the Protestants had rejected were maintained
including carrying out good deeds to achieve salvation, observing the seven sacraments, recognising the Pope as the highest authority, venerating the Virgin Mary...