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Ancient Egypt - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Old kingdom: Hair just under the ears
      - Middle Kingdom: Hair to shoulders
      - New Kingdom: ELaborate beaded wigs
    - - In the new kingdom, both men and women started wearing wigs to cut down on maintenance and lice. If the wig got infested with lice it could just be thrown away.
      - Upper class paid for hair stylists and would wear perfumes in their hair
      - Children shaved their heads
      - Henna was used to dye hair.
    - - Kyphi was a common perfume. It was made of frankincense, myrrh, pine resin, and other ingredients. It could be burned, applied to the skin, or used as toothpaste and mouthwash.
  - - - Lower class
        
        SImple and practical
        
        The lower class would wear a knee length wrap covering their lower half made of cotton, linen, or byssus (flax); held up with a belt of cloth, leather, or papyrus rope
      - Upper class
        
        The upper class wore more decorative clothing then the lower class. The women would wear ankle length dresses sometimes covered by ornamented tunic.
      - Children would go out naked until they hit puberty
      - Before there was linen, the people would use animal hide or woven papyrus reed for clothing
    - - Women began to wear long gowns made from cotton
      - The upper class would now start to wear sleeves
      - Their dresses would have been made of 1 piece of fabric
      - Men wpre wraps with folds in the front
      - The triangular apron became popular
      - Men started to wear a decorative kilt held by a sash
      - Men started to wear a triangular strip of cloth that ran between their legs and tied at the hips
    - - Upper class women
        
        upper class women wore beaded gowns and dresses, decorated with jewels, a sah, or cape, and belted at the waist. They would elaborate their wigs with beading, and they would accessorize with a headpiece, necklace, and/or earrings.
      - Upper class men
        
        Upper class men started to wear blouses.
        
        With every different profession there was a specific style of fashion
      - Visiers
        
        Visiers wore long skirts (that were often embroidered) that fastened under the arms and went to the ankles. They would pair this with sandals and slippers.
      - Scribes
        
        Scribes would wear a simple waist to knee kilt, and sometimes would wear a sheer blouse.
      - Priests
        
        Priests wore a plain white linen robe.
      - Soldiers, guards, and police forces
        
        The soldiers, guards and police force wore simple kilts, sandals and sometimes wrist guards.
      - Farmers, brewers, tavern keepers, masons, laborers, and merchants.
        
        Both male and female farmers, brewers, tavern keepers, masons, laborers, and merchants wore simple kilts. Merchants sometimes wore a robe or a cloak.
- - - - Source of water
      - Source of water (for bathing and drinking)
      - Source of transportation and trade
      - For the people of Egypt
  - - - Lower Egypt: Consisted of the Delta made by the Nile River as it empties into the Mediterranean
        
        The delta was located in the North, it had a 240 KM Coastline, and was 106 KM in length. It gave the Egyptians fertile soil. It protected Egypt from enemies.
      - Upper Egypt: It was the long narrow strip of ancient Egypt
  - - - Rich soil along the banks of the nile, was named the Kemet ("Black Land") by the Egyptians, and were agricultural areas
    - - The land that laid beyond the fertile region, was the dead sands of the Libyan and Arabian Desert (West and East), was named the Deshret ("Red land") by the Egyptians, underneath the sands were valuable minerals like gold, copper, granite, flint, marble, slate, etc.
- - - - This lead to united kingdoms and crowns.
      - The rulers were titled "Lord of the two lands" or "king of upper and lower Egypt"
      - Now the "Lord of the two lands" was protected by two gods - Nekhbet of Upper Egypt and Buto of Lower Egypt
      - Took place in the Predynastic period ( 3100 - 2650 BCE)
      - Menes was the Nubian king responsible for the uniting of Egypt
        
        He began the 1st dynasty (a Dynasty occurs when rulers claim their descent from a common ancestor)
        
        Built first temple to Ptah, the chief god of Memphis
        
        Founded the capital city, Memphis which remained the capital city in Egypt for 3500 years
- - - - Pharaohs were considered gods, they were the absolute rulers and organized a strong central state
      - Egyptians built pyramids at Giza
      - Crops failed, the cost of the pyramids contributed to the downfall of the old kingdom
      - Things that the Old Kingdom accomplished
        
        Engineering developed (pyramids, tombs, and temples)
        
        Started to regulate and expand trade
        
        Created an extensive trade network that brought goods and tech into Egypt
        
        Learned from Mesopotamians irrigation and wheel
        
        Got timber from Syria and oil and wine from Crete
        
        Hieroglyphic writing improved
        
        Pharaohs had bodyguards but no standing army
      - The demise of the Old Kingdom
        
        The priest and government officials started to gain power
        
        There was a lack of rainfall which led to less crops a poor economy and a famine
        
        Pepi II died at the age of 94 and the kingdom divided into 2
- - - - Was considered king of the gods and goddesses
      - Became Amun-Ra after being combined with the sun god Ra
    - - Mut means 'mother' in Egyptian
      - She wears two crowns on her head, to represent upper and lower Egypt
    - - The god of the afterlife
    - - Was known as the god to mummify the dead and guide their souls to the afterlife, as well as assists in the afterlife
    - - All sunsets and sunrises were thought to be a process of renewal
    - - The eye of Horus symbolized that everything was being watched from above
      - Ruled Egypt after he avenged his father's death
    - - Settled disputes between good and evil
      - Self created God
      - Was the master of both physical and divine laws
      - Created science, philosophy, and magic
      - Moon God
      - Created the 365 day calender
    - - Welcomed the dead into the next life
      - Stood for motherhood and feminine love
      - Goddess of music and dance
      - Helped women during pregnancy and childbirth
      - Kind to both the dead and the living
    - - Both lead and protected pharaohs during war
      - Capable of destroying the enemies of her allies
    - - Father of snakes
      - Represented crops and healing
      - Believed to have caused earthquakes when he laughed
      - Weighs the heart of the dead in the judgement hall of Osiris
      - He retained the souls of the wicked
- - - - Had 6 giant steps that rose 60M in total
      - It was the first stone monument building
      - It would have required 1000s of people to help build and used 1000s of tonnes of stones
      - Was symbolic of Djoser's authority and his peoples obedience
    - - Originally created in the fourth dynasty to honour Pharaoh Khufu (and later his two sons - Chephren and Mycerinus
      - The pyramids were built by farmers during each flood season and soldiers when they were not needed
      - The pyramid of Khufu took 20 years, and was the biggest of all
- - - - There were many animals, humans, and supernatural figures inscribed on rock walls. Their main goal was the have balance and harmony (known as ma'at) in their art.
      - Art was created for functionality - tomb paintings, temple tableaus, home, and palace gardens. All the statues were beautiful but also served as a home for the spirit of a god.
    - - Rock art was very popular
        
        it helped in designing king Djoser's tomb. There were images of lotus flowers, papyrus pants and the djed symbol in the architecture. He also wasted three-dimensional, life-size statues. The Djoser was one of the most important works of art from this time period
      - Narmer Palette was created to celebrate the unity of upper and lower Egypt
    - - The Great Pyramid, the Sphinx an the tombs and temple painting were very monumental during this time period.
    - - amulets, coffins, ceramics and shabti dolls were very popular art forms
    - - Now started the more realistic artwork as opposed to the idealistic art work -- kings like Senusret III are depicted in statuary and art as they really looked, not as ideal kings
      - Started to have more emotion
    - - The golden mask and other metal work became popular