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natural science, plasms, biological molecules, cell biology - Coggle…

- - - - two or more polypeptide chains in tertiary form combined to form complexes joined by bonds similar to those in tertiary structure
    - - the folding on the alpha helix to form very specific 3D shapes, maintained by bonds
    - - less common. formed by hydrogen bonding between the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain
    - - most common secondary form, formed by hydrogen bonding between the peptide bonds in the polypeptide chain
    - - the type, number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, linked by peptide bonds only
- - - - 1 phosphate - up the side
      - 1 base - up the side
      - 1 pentose sugar - in the middle
- - - - isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula as each other, but with the atoms connected in a different way
        
        β glucose
        
        α glucose
    - - plants form starch
      - aniamls form glycogen
      - valuable storage molecules that can be broken down into monosaccharides when energy is required
    - - glucose + galactose --> lactose
      - glucose + fructose --> sucrose
      - Glucose + glucose --> maltose
      - When combined in pairs, monosaccharides form disaccharides, forming a Glycosidic bond
    - - part of nucleotides
      - source of energy in respiration
      - building blocks for polysaccharides
      - formula e.g. glucose
      - soluble substances
- - - - nucleus
        
        structure
        
        largest organelle
        
        chromatin (dark patches
        
        spherical
        
        surrounded by nuclear envelope
        
        two fluid filed membranes
        
        nuclear pores
        
        function
        
        contains genetic material
        
        chromatin consists of DNA and proteins
        
        contains instructions for making protein
        
        nucleolus
        
        structure
        
        located inside nucleus
        
        functions
        
        makes RNA and ribosomes
      - Endoplasmic reticulum (SER/RER)
        
        Structure
        
        consist of flattened membrane-bound sacs - cisternae which are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
        
        smooth ER and rough ER
        
        function
        
        SER- involved in making carbs, lipids and steroids
        
        RER- transport proteins made on attached ribosomes
      - golgi body/apparatus
        
        structure
        
        stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs
        
        function
        
        receives protein from the ER
        
        modifies them e.g. adds sugar
        
        packages proteins into vesicles to be transported inside cell or to the outside
      - mitochondria
        
        structure
        
        2 membranes separated by a fluid filled space
        
        inner membrane is folded to form cristae
        
        central part is the matrix
        
        function
        
        site where ATP is produced during respiration
        
        higher concentrations in metabolically active cells e.g. muscle, liver, sperm
        
        where most respiration reactions happen
      - lysosome
        
        structure
        
        spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane
        
        function
        
        contains digestive enzymes which break down materials
        
        e.g. specialised lysosome (acrosome) in head of sperm cells helps penetrate the egg
      - cell membrane
        
        structure
        
        composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
        
        function
        
        selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement of substances in and out of cells
      - Centrioles
        
        structure
        
        small protein tubes of microtubules
        
        function
        
        form fibers in cell division known as spindles which separate chromosomes
      - ribosomes
        
        structure
        
        very small organelles in the cytoplasm and bound to rough ER
        
        consist of 2 subunits
        
        function
        
        site of protein synthesis (the process in which cells make proteins) which acts as an assembly line to use mRNA to assemble proteins