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Bilingualism is the art of speaking and understanding two or more…

- - - - used in interactions outside home
    - - is more common use in home
    - - 1: Diglossia and individual bilingualism
      - Diglossia without bilingualism
      - Bilingualism without diglossia
      - Neither bilingualism
        nor diglossia
- - - - where:
        
        compound are:
        
        two linguistic systems are fuse together.
        
        co-ordinate are:
        
        two functionally
        independient systems.
    - - where:
        
        according to
        Edwards 1994: 59)
        
        additive is seen as:
        
        "every educated person
        know more languages"
        
        subtractive is seen as:
        
        "one language valued more than other"
- - - - James Tollefsen's book in 1991
        
        mention that:
        
        in modern societies:
        
        is used to sustain power relationships
        
        another important
        issue is motivation:
        
        as a key factor in SLA
- - - - Cummins' (1976) "Thresholds Theory"
      - Suzanne Romaine (1989) code-switching
      - Cummins' (1976) "Iceberg analogy"