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Community Ecology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - high-altitude
      - region to wet
      - grow to edge of ocean
    - - appear then gone
      - beaver pond
      - new plants
      - trees drowned and die
      - change with age
  - - - mine
      - build
      - farm
- - - - 1 species of prey (Primary Producer)
      - 1 species of predator (Primary Consumer)
      - understanding the harvest of our prey
        
        fish
        
        deer
        
        lumber
    - - Graph
        
        left has low density
        
        does not compete
        
        fast growth
        
        right has high density
        
        competes
        
        slow growth
    - - predator feeds on plant (herbivore)
      - predator population grows logically
      - availability of prey decipher if predator population grows or not
      - Examples
        
        1) Herbivore consumes plant
        
        plant population decreases
        
        difficult for predator to find food
        
        the two cycle up and down
        
        2) Predator consumes large amount of Prey
        
        prey become locally extinct
        
        predator becomes locally extinct
    - - feeding rate: the speed at which the predator finds new prey
      - handling time: amount of time it takes to consume prey
      - fundamental response
        
        fast if there are more prey available
        
        prey dependent
    - - simplest model
      - net rate of change
        
        dN/dt=rN-aNP
        
        dN/dt: rate of change
        
        r: intrinsic rate of increase
        
        N: # of individual prey
        
        a: per capita attack rate
        
        P: # of individual predator
      - Net rate of change of predator number
        
        dN/dt=faNP-qP
        
        f: constant for predator efficiency, eaten prey to new predator
        
        q: predator's per capita morality rate
        
        zero growth
    - - more factors affect bot predator and prey in real communities
      - equations slightly more complex
      - important factor when habitat improves
  - - - decision to attack pry
      - probability of attacked prey being successfully eaten
      - probability of encountering prey
    - - examine interactions between factors
      - attempt to understand why herbivores eat one and not the other
    - - 1) predator's evolve to prefer prey yields with the most energy per unit of handling time
      - 2) high-yield prey become scarc, predator would broaden diet
      - 3) some prey will always be eaten, while others will not
      - 4) probability a particular plant will be eaten depends on the abundance of other plants
  - - - resource competition
      - organisms consume the same resource
      - resource become less available for others
    - - 1 organism restricts the other
      - hogs resource even when not using it
    - - species can increase from low density
      - competitor present
- - - - common observation
      - every aspect of community diversity
      - large diversity > small diversity
        
        large (earth): every species, growth form
        
        small (America's): many growth forms, but not every species
      - scale levels:
        
        region
        
        biome
        
        local
        
        biogeographical region
      - measuring mean:
        
        Alpha diversity
        
        Beta diversity
        
        Gamma diversity
    - - relationship between area and species richness
      - formula: S=cA^z
        
        S= species
        
        A=area
        
        c and z: constants of individuals in community
      - compare diversity of various communities
    - - number of species in each class
      - species have abundant individuals
  - - - Canada
      - Siberia
      - Alaska
    - - 1) oldest and widely thought
        
        tropical regions have relatively benign environments compared to higher latitudes
        
        warm temperatures
        
        abundant rain
        
        no adaption to freeze
      - 2) new evidence
        
        evolutionary history contributes
        
        differences between tropical and high latitude areas
        
        different diversities
        
        50 mya: climate cooled and temperature dropped
        
        40 mya:
        
        global temperatures allowed ice sheets to form
        
        mountain peaks have more frequent snow
        
        plants died buried in snow
        
        12 mya:
        
        ice sheets cover
        
        Canada
        
        Europe
        
        Russia
        
        plants scaled with moving snow
        
        less water evaporation from oceans
- - - - primary succession
      - organism established on newly created substrate
      - example : volcanoes produce lave