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Ch:26 Community Ecology - Coggle Diagram
Ch:26 Community Ecology
group of species that occur together.
The more-or-less predictable sequence of changes :succession
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stable self attaining community: climax community
community restoration
Diversity
Checklist : quantifying the community diversity by measuring species richness
Diversity and scale
larger areas more diverse
Species area richness
S=cA^z
Diversity And Latitude
also varies in latitude
tropical regions= benign temperature
higher latitude= severe conditions
near equator=temperatures are warm
Predator-Prey interactions
One predator,One prey
plant attacked by herbivore
teaches us ho we should harvest our food
feeding rate + handling time =functional response
predator's functional response is dependent on prey density is prey dependent
maximum sustained yield
harvesting just enough of species to keep the stable population density
Fixed effort harvesting
population health is determined by the amount of food harvested with particular amount of effort.
Fixed Quota harvesting
harvesting a particular amount of food per person independent of time or effort
Predator selection Among Multiple Prey
three factors
probability of particular prey encounter
decision of predator to attack to the prey
attacked prey will be successfully consumed
Optimal foraging theory has produced an optimal diet model
predators should evolve to know which prey gives high energy and less handling time
broadening the diet
can easily be eaten without throns
less profitable prey is overshadowed
Optimal Foraging theory
Competition Between Species
One species competing with others for
light
water
minerals
exploitation competition
two species grows and reproduce poorly compared to having their own habitat
interference competition
one organism restrict another organisms access to resources
For ex: Braken fern
the first might not be using the resource
Apparent Competition
one plant species increases while other decrease
Beneficial interactions between species
mutualism
Both animals interacts and both benefits
for ex: flowers and pollinators
Facilitation
one organism help another without any benefit
for ex: beavers making dam and creating ponds
Primary Succession
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organism established in newly created substrate
For ex: volcanoes lava and glacier advances
Metapopulation in Patchy environment
4 assumptions
contain many discrete patches in which species can live
some patches occupied by species
empty patches being colonized by migration
population within individual patches going instinct
source habitat
high quality patch
Sink habitat
low quality patch
Fugitive species
species that survives by colonizing new patches.
For Ex: weeds or grass
Assisted dispersal
either seeds or plant is moved to new area
Interconnectedness of species: Food chains and Food webs
Food Chain
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direct line of consumption
food web
interrelationship between energy source and prey species's network
energy flow web
very hard to construct
keystone species
presence or absence of these species affect the structure of the community
for ex: relationship between sea otters, sea urchin and kelp
