Finance

By country

Japan

Saving Accounts

IDeCo

NISA

Securities Platforms

SBI Securities (SBI証券)

Rakuten Securities (楽天証券)

au Kabucom Securities (auカブコム証券)

Matsui Securities (松井証券)

Monex Securities (マネックス証券)

Okasan Online Securities (岡三オンライン証券)

GMO Click Securities (GMOクリック証券)

Quick to set up

Up to 3 months (employer needs to fill forms)

Advices

Rich Dad, Poor Dad

Beware of

greed

fear

Start investing as early as possible

Work for what you learn, not what you earn

Learn to take risks

laziness

arrogance

Beware of liabilities disguised as assets (e.g. buying main property and preventing any other investment)

A massive expense taken away from your income every month is a tell-tale sign of a liability

Profession pays the bills. Your business is what will make you wealthy.

The Intelligent Investor

Use thorough analysis.

Focus on pricing. Buy only stock when its price is below its intrinsic value, i.e., its value as it relates to a company's propensity for growth.

Analyse the long-term development and business principles of the companies in which you're considering investing before buying any stock.

Protect yourself against serious losses by diversifying your investments.

Understand that you will not pull in extraordinary profits, but safe and steady revenues.

The first thing you should do before you invest isn't to look at a stock's history. That's important, sure, but what's more important is looking at the history of the stock market itself.

Then, look, for example, at the correlation between stock price and the company's earnings and dividends over the past ten years. Then consider the inflation rate, in order to see how much you'd really earn, all things considered.

Defensive investor's strategy: Safety is main focus. Invest in both high-grade bonds (e.g. AAA government debt securities) and common stocks. 50-50 or 75-25. For common stocks, invest in ~10 diverse, big, well-known companies with long histories of success.

Use "formula investing", a.k.a. "dollar-cost averaging". E.g.: always invest the same amount every month. Readjust your portfolio every 6 months.

Enterprising investor's strategy: more common stocks than the defensive investor's strategy. Take higher risks. But no matter how exciting or promising an investment opportunity seems, limit high risk stocks to a max. of 10% of your overall portfolio.

Never buy a stock immediately after a substantial rise or sell one after a substantial drop.

Set up automated contributions to tsumitate, with e.g. Rakuten US Stock Index Fund (VTI)

Resources

Properties

Rental

Yields ~7%

15% rental income tax if no longer resident

3.4% ~ 5.88% rental income tax if resident

1.7% yearly tax

1.4% property tax

0.3% city planning tax

Market Finance

Goals

Efficiently allocate resources across

space

time

Behavioural Finance

Risks

Value at Risk

1% one-year VaR of $10m = 1% chance that a portfolio will lose $10m in a year

units of $ for a given probability and time horizon

Stress Tests

Tests required by regulators (e.g. Dodd Frank) to understand what would happen to a company should markets crash, $ dollar, liquidity decrease and it was suddenly impossible to borrow money, etc.

Stock Markets

S&P 500

Often used as a benchmark for returns

Companies

Culture

CAPM

Beta

measure of the correlation with a stock market

the regression slope coefficient when the return on the ith asset is regressed on the return of the market

Market Risk v.s. Idiosyncratic Risk

Variance of the return on a stack is its beta squared, times the variance of the market return (systematic risk), plus the variance of the residual in the regression (idiosyncratic risk)

Returns

Probability distributions

NOT normal distribution

Cauchy distribution (fat-tailed)

Central Limit Theorem

fails with fat-tailed distributions

fails if events aren't independent

Goals

Low covariance between assets in your portfolio

βi=COV(ri,rmarket)Var(rmarket)

Insurance

Risk pooling

If n policies, each has independent probability p of a claim,
then the number of claims follows the binomial distribution.
The standard deviation of the faction of policies that result in a claim is: \( \sqrt{p.(1 - p)/n} \)

Law of large numbers: as n gets large, standard deviation approaches zero.

Who?

Harry Markowitz

Micro- v.s. Macro-credential regulation

Macro-credential regulations try to mitigate systemic risks