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Independent: Mindmap Chapter 10 Pierrelyne Pierre Content-Area…

- - - - Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners in Content-Area Classes:
        Teachers need to tailor instruction to the unique language and academic needs of each student, that is, they need to provide differentiated instruction
- - - - Modifying Mathematics Instructional Materials
        
        Teachers can use role-playing to help ELLLs understand new vocabulary and unfamiliar concepts in word problems.
        
        Using Literature to Support Mathematics Instruction
        
        fiction and nonfiction w/ mathematical themes.
        
        Integrating Students' Cultures Into Mathematics Instruction:
        
        Help students connect math to their own lives in their families, their communities, and the world.
        
        Discussions of the multicultural history of math and in particular the contributions of Indian and Arabic mathematicians.
  - - - Math Science Instruction Comprehensible for English Language Learners:
        -Inquiry-based (or discovery) science is an effective means for helping ELLs successfully learn science concepts and develop English language skills.
        
        Teachers need to ensure that their science classroom is a community of practice conducive to science and language learning.
        -There's a need for clearly articulated language objectives, meaningful hands-on activities that were specially designed to ensure participation of ELLs at all levels of English proficiency, and a system for monitoring assessing student's progress in meeting the objectives.
        
        To be more effective, the teacher could bring items (realia) for students to see, feel, and smell that illustrate the meanings of the words.
        
        Modifying Science Instructional Materials:
        
        Mainstream science textbooks pose considerable challenges for ELLs.
        
        One of the best ways to give ELLs access to the concepts of the pages of the textbook. The student will learn a concept if they experience and discover it rather than read about it.
        
        Provide w/ instruction in the structure and supports in the textbook.
        
        Outlines and graphic organizers can help identify the main ideas and information structure of the text.
        
        Rewrite parts of the text in simplified English and use supplemental science textbooks, designed for ELLs.
        
        Using Literature to Support Science Instruction:
        
        Nonfiction books that address scientific themes
        
        Integrating Students' Cultures into Science Instruction:
        
        The National Science Teachers Association (2000) emphasizes the importance of valuing the contributions and uniqueness of culturally and linguistically diverse students.
        
        To tap into the strengths students bring into the classroom, the association calls for the provision of multicultural science instruction.
        
        Helping students understand the contributions of many cultures to our science knowledge can be easily addressed through reading books about the origins of science in other cultures.
  - - - Marking Social Studies Instruction Comprehensible for English Language Learners:
        
        Find out what students already know about the particular topic or concept to be taught.
        
        A three-column K-W-L chart
        
        Variety of visuals such as portraits of historical people, photographs of historical places, and drawings, photographs, or video clips of historical and contemporary events.
        
        Visuals: charts, graphs, maps, globes, and historical political cartoons.
        
        Authentic historical items or replicas such as uniforms, period clothing, coins, stamps, documents, flags, and artifacts from different cultures can also create a great deal of interest among students and help make instruction more comprehensible.
        
        Including current events in the social studies curriculum.
        
        Modifying Social Studies Instructional Materials
        
        To make the text more accessible, teachers can simply read it aloud, using before-during-and after strategies and stopping to look at and discuss the illustrations, tables, charts, graphs, captions, boxes, and so on.
        
        Reading buddy.
        
        To make an audio recording of the text for ELLs.
        
        Use of graphic organizers.
        
        Ten important sentences strategy: focus on the main ideas and basic essence of a social studies text.
        
        Using Literature to Support Social Studies Instruction:
        
        books
        
        external literature
        
        fiction books
        
        Integrating Students' Culture into Social Studies Instruction:
        
        Make them the focus of study.
        
        Integrate the ethnic and cultural groups represented by the students in your class, school, and community in your units. Through such activities, students would gained a broader, more accurate, and much more positive view of their fellow community members.