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Expansion on Visual Languages - Coggle Diagram
Expansion on Visual Languages
Total Communication
Formal start in the fall of 1968 in Santa Ana's James Madison Elementary
in 1969, Roy Holcomb changed the term to "Total communication."
Reasoning: Child had the right to multiple educational approaches in addition to speech and and sign language
Holcomb known as the "Father of Total Communication"
Originally referred to as Total Approach
Historical Influences in some ASL signs
Signs have become more compact.
Researchers suggest that this shift occurs because of what they term high visual acuity
Late 1800s, many signs were made on the waist or lower chest; those signs have, through time, moved higher and are now produced mainly in the upper chest or neck regions
Old form and new form may coexist for a while, and then the old form may disappear along with those signers passing. (process is called historical change)
Rochester Method
Believed that deaf children should be exposed to correct English
Invented the Rochester Method, where every letter of all communication is fingerspelled with the hand on the same level with the mouth so the students lipread while reading the fingerspelling at once
Dr. Zenas Westervelt considered a system midway between the oral and the manual approaches to communicate
Fell out of favor during the 1980s
It was time consuming to spell everything manually in addition to the difficulties of reading the spelling in restricted space
Artificial Sign Communication Systems
Linguistics of Visual English (LOVE)
Has only one sign for each printed word, with the addition of new signs for plurals and nouns
Developed signs for the first letter of the word as part of the sign
Developed by Dennis Wampler
Short-lived
Pidgin Signed English (PSE)
Uses the simplest form of manual English, using ASL arbitrarily in English word order
Sometimes used in the deaf community for the sake of clarity or full comprehension of particular words
Commonplace in the 1970s
Signing Exact English (SEE II)
Developed by Gerilee Gustason. Anthony's former coworker
Chose to use traditional ASL signs and created signs for pronouns and affixes
Still used in many mainstreamed school programs
Signed English (SE)
Considered as a one sign principle
Still used in parts of the country
Harry Bornstein invented many initialized signs and affixes
Seeing Essential English (SEE I)
Mandated the use of one sign for a word regardless of its meaning
Developed by David Anthony in the 1960s
Invented many signs unfamiliar to sign language traditionalists and developed new signs for word endings
No longer in widespread use, although some signs are still utilized
Variations in Signing
regional signs are not as foreign to people from other regions; some signs have become more uniform
Other kinds of variations in ASL may include gender variation and ethic variation
Variation in language refers to people who have different ways of saying the same thing
Study indicated the common belief that there are variations in signs among deaf male and female signers. Still needs to be researched
Black Southern signers and white signers have some different signs
International Signs
Some countries: more than one sign language system
Willard Madsen points out that Gestuno is not a language
Ethnologue database, librarian Thomas R. Harrington of Gallaudet University has identified 271 sign languages, dialects, and other sign systems from countries around the world.
Gestuno had its beginning in1951 at the WFD conference. Discussed as a way to communicate among participants
Has continued being used at international conferences, but in other situations, Gestuno is not widely used