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Chapter 26 Community Ecology, Prey Dependent the feeding rate depends on…
Chapter 26
Community Ecology
Diversity
variation of species among communities.
Community
a group of species that occur together at the same time and place.
Succession
predictable changes that occur in communities.
Climax Community
When a distressed community undergoes succession until it becomes plentiful again.
Community Restoration
Where a species is reintroduced to a community.
Habitat Loss
complete loss of homes of species.
Habitat Fragmentation
slow loss that leads to the complete loss of habitats.
Checklist
measurement of a species richness.
Scale
aspect of community diversity being studied.
Species-area Relationship
relationship between area and species richness, expressed by
S=cA^z
Species abundance distribution
theoretical distribution in which most species in an area are very rare.
Predator-Prey Interactions
study of how the prey and predator interact among one another.
Functional Response
The response of a predator created by the handling rate and feeding rate.
Fixed Quota Harvest
where hunters can harvest a specific amount, no matter how long it takes or how much effort is required.
Fundamental aspects of predator-prey relationships
1) feeding rate
refers to how quickly a predator finds a newy prey.
2) Handling time
the amount of time taken to consume prey.
Maximum Sustained Yield
idea of harvesting just enough of a species to keep the population density at that point, the species would be stable.
Fixed effort Harvesting
health is determined by the amount of fish, or deer etc,. that can be harvested with a particular amount of effort.
Zero Growth Isocline
the line that indicates population occurs when the predator population is greater than the prey population stability.
Paradox of Enrichment
improving conditions for the prey may lead the predator to overexploit the prey and both species will be lost.
Beneficial Interactions Between Species
When interactions among organisms are beneficial.
Mutualism
when two two organisms interact such that both benefit.
Facilitation
if one organism helps another without receiving any benefit.
Facilitates
when the presence of an organism does something to benefit another.
Nurse Plants
plants that alter a small area of habitat immediately below themselves such that it is more favorable to the survival of seedlings of other plants as compared to other nearby areas not below the nurse plants.
Primary Succession
organisms become established on newly created substrates.
Metapopulations in Patchy Environments
If all individuals of a species were able to interact freely, we would speak of just one population rather than of several.
Metapopulation
several local populations are interconnected by migration and gene flow between the patches.
Fugitive Species
is one that survives by colonizing new patches, flourishing temporarily, and then colonizing more patches before it dies out.
Assisted Dispersal
(assisted migration)
animals are captured in one area and released into the new area.
Source Habitat
the high-quality patch.
SInk Habitat
low-quality patch.
Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food Webs
Food Chain
the prey, what supports the prey and the main predator of the prey.
Food Web
the race all the prey of the top carnivores and then trace the food sources of each of those prey species.
Energy Flow Web
Traces how energy flows through the community.
Keystone Species
The presence or absence of a certain species.
Prey Dependent
the feeding rate depends on the prey density.
Optimal Foraging Theory
studies why some herbivores may eat some plants but not the others.
Optimal Diet Model
makes 4 predictions.
1)
predators should prefer whichever prey yields the most energy per unit of handing time.
2)
if the high-yield prey become sufficiently scares, then the pregator would be more successful by broadening its diet to include rpey that are lower in energy.
3
some prey items will always be eaten if encountered, some will never be eaten even if it is easily available.
4
the probability that a particular plant will be eaten depends partially on the abundance of other plants that are easy to handle and higher value.
Exploitation Competition
resource competition occurs when the organisms actually consume a shared resource competition occurs when the organisms actually consume a shared resource, making it less available for other organisms.
Interference Competition
one organism restricts other organisms access to resources even though the first might not be using it.
Invasive
if a species can increase from very low population density even with its competitor present.
Resource
is any substance or factor that can lead to increased growth rates as its availability and that is consumed by an organism.
Apparent Competition
when plants are not actually competing for and using a resource.
