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Chapter Six Expansion of Visual Languages - Coggle Diagram
Chapter Six
Expansion of Visual Languages
Historical Influences on Some ASL Signs
changes are continual
Researchers
shift occur due to term high visual acuity
signers fix gaze on lower part of signers face
sign movements evolve to smaller space
older signs
were more pictureesque in bodily actions and more gestural to show action
ASL
experience changes constantly
signs were made on wait or lower chest
moved high and now produced in upper chest of neck regions
older signers
differ from younger signers
old form and new form coexist
old form disappear after
historical change
changes in parameters, usually handshape or location
subtle changes
Generational Gaps
elderly signer retain old time signs
younger signers use new versions common to peers
Home signs
bring home signs learned from peers
parents didnt understand newer signs and call them new
brought to school signs used with parents at home and put down by peers
Proliferation of Sign Systems
appeared mostly during early 1970s
Ameslan by Louie Fant (1972)
Pidgin Sign English (PSE) by James Woodward (1972)
Signed English by Terry O'Rourke (1970)
Siglish by Louie Fant (1972)
Ameslish by Bernard Bragg (1973)
confusion occurred developed with emerging ideas or theories
after movement was stable, most sign systems faded away
initial identification of ASL by Stokoe provoked interest in sign systems
Researchers had own descriptions of sign systems
Visual and Artificial Sign Systems
ASL undergo changes, imported from France, used in teaching, banned.
Visual
Rochester Method
all inclusive fingerspelling
concieved in 1878, opening of western new york institue for deaf mutes
Dr. Zenas Westervelt
every letter of all communication is fingerspelled with hand on same level of mouth so students lipread while reading fingerspelling simultaneously
fell out of favor and time consuming to spell everything manually, difficulty of reading spelling in restricted space
Combined Method
THG while in Europe
combine english and french modes on instruction
in england, deaf children insturcted through oral approach, french school used sign language
influence from 1880 Milan conference
schools allowed some manual communication in all or nearly all classes, other had limited
Artificial
SEE 1
david anthony (deaf teacher) spoken english, hearing hear certain words in different type of sentence
use of one sign word regardless of meaning
invented sign unfamiliar to sign language traditionalists and developed new sign for word endings
LOVE
linguistic of visual english
developed by dennis wampler (deaf man)
only one sign for each printed word, addition of new signs for plural and nouns
sign system was short lived.
PSE
simplest form of manual english
use ASL arbitrarily in english word order
sign representing articles (a, an, the) or word endings (ing, ness, ly) not used
appear in deaf hearing interactions, used in deaf ommunity
SE
invented many intialized signs and affixes
signs were one meaning
sign systems still used in parts of country
books contain classic stories and found in libraries
SimCom
use spoken words while sign at same time
advantages- reciever can hear or read lips when sign not understood
disadvantage- speaker end up speaking and stop signing/ skip signs/ sloppy fingerspelling/ sign unclear
not possible or appropiate to try two languages at same time
speaker use grammar and structure of spoken language and use inappropriate sign parametes
Total Communication
total approach and ed approach to speech and sign language
father of total communication as Holocomb
Maryland School for the Deaf, first to offer full spectrum of language modes
SEE 2
Gerilee Gustason (deaf women)
use traditional ASL signs and created sign for pronouns and affixes
still used in mainstreamed school programs
current learning opportunities
access to various education settings
travel for residential schools
more deaf teachers teach, may be paired with hearing colleague
1965 bilingual act
cued speech by orin cornett
Transitions in Signs
initialization of signs
verb "to be"
standard index finger handshape away from mouth was signed
synthetic sign systems used in schools
handshape for IS became I
Was is W-S / ARE and R handshape
signs faded but other remain
glossed signs CLASS, ASSOCIATION, FAMILY, GROUP, ORGANIZATION, TEAM
1970, influence of signed english
use by fingerspelling letter while signing a word
Variations in Signing
signing focused on regional variation
geographic area sign differently from people in another
akin to hearing people speaking english different in various parts of country
graduates moved to other states and founded schools for deaf students
mobile and travel or communicate via videophone
signs have become uniform
increase number of competitions among schools for Deaf students
gender variation and ethnic variation
Technically motivated signs
new devices on market
spell out device name, appearance of different signs
unpopular signs are forgotten or phased out, like ones survived
deaf and non-deaf, different names for similar items
History of Fingerspelling
fingerspelling
representation of letters of a writing system, numeral systems, only use hands
body and hands were used to represent alphabets in greek, roman, egyptian, assyrian antiquity
benedictine monk bede, early known alphabet
silence, secrecy, literacy
charles de la fin, unique alphabetic system, point to body part represented he first letter of part and vowel located at fingertips, used in BSL.
Modern Manual Alphabet
vital part of ASL
not a substitue for signs
8.7% of casual signing in ASL
names of persons, things, places, unless have name signs
learn fingerspell quick or slow
highly varied among nations in the world
Sharing Our Visual Language
increase demand for ASL
Sign Language interpreters or within field serving deaf people
ASL users, CODA, relatives, late deafened, learning ASL
42 states recognized ASL as language
enrollment in ASL courses
ASL is 4th used langauge
Signing Hearing Infants and Children
CODA
deaf adults marry other deaf adults, grow up two languaes, share similar backgrounds
take role of interpreters or translator since childhood
adulthood, hearing offspring of deaf parents usually learn to understand and embrace cultural differences
MOTHER FATHER DEAF Day in 1996, last Sunday in April
sign give jumpstart to speech
communicate with deaf children
Sign Language Interpreters
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf in 1964
national interpreter certification program
Phone interpreting
VRS, demand for interpreters, work from cube with video camers and internets
translate calls between deaf and hearing people
not need to travel to work and income is stable than freelancing
International Signs
Thomas R. Harrington
identified 271 sign languages and other sign systems around the world
various sign systems not readily understandable when a person visit a foreign country
local influences and cultures
Margaret Mead
sign language true universal language
easy to learn & used by anyone
Gestuno
Meaning
collection of approx. 1,500 signs and gestures, share universal qualities
visual gestural aid to international sign communication
Italian acronym "one system of gestures"
conferences
Numerous international organization of Deaf people
World Federation of the Deaf and Deaflympics
WFD's official written languages are French and English
Usage
used at international conferences
other situations gestuno not widely used
American travelers visit other countries may use to facilitate communication with deaf natives
sign language interpreters for gestuno
voice interpreters