Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth Century Crisis - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 25: The Beginning of the Twentieth Century Crisis
Causes
Nationalism
Liberals: organized into national lines = international fraternity (WRONG!!)
Nation states = competition
Germany, Austria, and Italy vs. France, Great Britain, and Russia
Allies important, gave security
Nation state is sovereign = susceptible to war
Self-interest and success justified war
Germany wanted German empire
French wanted control of Alsace-Lorraine
Austria-Hungary wanted to stop Serbia from creating large state
Britain wanted to keep world empire
Russia wanted to protect Slavic people = power status
Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austria) killed = Austria vs. Serbia = bad decisions
Internal Dissent
Nationhood not achieved by all ethnic groups
Socialist labor movements (class division) grew = conservatives fear of revolution
Militarism
Conscription
: compulsory enlistment
Depended on peasants (working class didn't pass physical)
Mobilization
of men and supplies
Military not political reasons
Outbreak (1914)
Serbia (+Russia) create Slavic state in Balkans = Austria mad
Black Hand
(Serbian terrorists) assasinated Francis Ferdinand + Sophia
"blank check"
= Germany supported Austria-Hungary in war
Austria set extreme demands to Serbia = war (wanted only Serbia vs. Austria)
Nicholas II ordered mobilization of Russian army against Austria and Germany
Russians ignored Germany's ultimatum = war (Germany vs. Russia)
Schlieffen Plan
= less troops against Russia, most troops to defeat France = redeploy to Russia
Germany declared war against Germany over Belgian neutrality (maintain world power)
World War I
Illusions and Stalemate (1914-1915)
Middle-class (young students) = eager, Peasants, workers = less eager
Domestic differences gone w/ war
Nationalism more powerful than socialism
Workers fought for country
Believed war would be short
War escape from normal lives
War = self-sacrifice, heroism, nobility
Schlieffen Plan →
First Battle of the Marne
(British + French counterattack)
Stalemate b/c of
trench warfare
= immobility
German leader
General Paul von Hindenburg
Italians broke alliance w/ Germany and Austria (allied side)
Germans, Austrians, and Bulgarians eliminated Serbia from war
The Great Slaughter (1916-1917)
First artillery barrage, then soldiers out of trenches attack
No Man's Land
= space btwn troops living
Machine gun
= unprotected men = death
Verdun and the Somme
ex. of senseless trench warfare
Poisonous gas
= death
Death always present (dead bodies, stench)
Trench life: boring, predictable = magazines and poems
Widening of War
Stalemate = new allies
Central Powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Ottoman Empire) vs. Allies (Italy, France, Russia, and Britain)
Lawrence of Arabia
encouraged Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman overlords
Allies used African troops and laborers (neglected)
Extended colonial rule in Africa + African soldiers advocate for political and social equality
Anti colonial movements started
Japan joined Allies
United States tried neutrality (involved b/c of naval conflict btwn Germany and Britain)
Britain used naval power to block Germany using
unrestricted submarine warfare
American ship,
Lusitania
= stricter submarine laws
Germany returned unrestricted submarine warfare = Americans in war
A new Kind of Warfare
Airplanes attack ground targets and spot enemy position (sometimes w/ machine guns)
Tanks
could move across rough terrain, attack enemy machine guns and infantry, coordinate w/ infantry and artillery = push back Germans
Impact of Total War
Total war
affected citizens lives
Mass conscription or military draft used = skilled workers stayed in factories
Rationed food/supplies and
nationalization
of transportation systems and industries
All citizens constituted national army dedicated victory
Germany's War Raw Materials Board
allocate raw material to produce needed goods
Didn't ration food well + poor potato harvest
Male noncombatants needed to work crucial to war jobs
Britain: laissez-faire →
Britain's Ministry of Munitions
(private industry produces war material w/ limited profit, ration, rent control
French:
Georges Clemenceau
= civilian control of total war gov.
Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Italy incapable of producing enough war material
Dissatisfaction replaced patriotism
Strikes and
Ireland's Easter Rebellion
Liberal and socialists opposed war
Threats of military force and prison kept in line
Defence of the Realm Act
= public authorities could arrest dissenters/traitors
Newspapers delete objectionable material
French: basic civil liberties suppressed
Used propaganda to arouse war excitement
Brought an end to unemployment, accepted trade unions, and collective bargaining practices
New roles for women (clerical jobs- banking and commerce; beyond capacity of women- farm laborers and factory workers)
Men resisted (women demanded equal pay)
No security of place in workforce
Men removed women from jobs after war, less pay
Nineteenth Amendment
= women could vote
Independence
People thought patriotism = less class conflict
Owners of large industries (made weapons) benefitted small firms (less essential to war) weakened
Inflation caused inequities (full employment + high demand = high prices) for middle-class
Skilled workers benefitted
War and Revolution
Russian Revolution
Nicholas II
relied on army and bureaucracy
Took control of army (lacked training) + couldn't produce weapons
Gov. distrusted people + peasants and workers frustrated
Nicholas II's wife,
Alexandra
was German and influenced by
Rasputin
Rasputin stopped hemophiliac son from bleeding
Women started strike to stop rationing in
Petrograd
(
"Peace, land, and bread"
)
German troops shot them but tsarist rule collapsed
Soviets
: councils of workers' and soldiers' deputies (radical interests)
Divided into Mensheviks and
Bolsheviks
Bolsheviks led by
V.I. Lenin
= violent revolution to destroy capitalism
Lenin wrote
"April Theses"
: blueprint for revolutionary action base don Marxism (soviets of soldiers, workers, and peasants were instruments of power)
Bolsheviks should gain control ot them = overthrow provisional gov.
Alexander Kerensky
released Bolsheviks from prison and asked Petrograd soviet for help = strengthened soviet and showed weak provisional gov.
Leon Trotsky
and Bolsheviks seized power for soviets
Bolsheviks renamed to Communists
Lenin realized importance of mass support
Alexandra Kollontai
fought for women's rights and social welfare reforms + started
Zhenotdel
(women's bureau
Communist gov. signed
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
w/ Germany
Bolshevik regime opposed by tsar lovers, bourgeois and aristocratic liberals, anti-Leninist socialists
Allied troops sent to Russia to bring them back into Great War
Reds and Whites
= Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik
Reds won b/c well disciplined b/c of Trotsky, disunity of Whites in goal
Tsar + family executed
War communism
: nationalization of banks and industries, forcible requisition of grain, centralized state admin.
Cheka
= Red secret police
Allies provided anti-Bolsheviks supplies
Last Year of the War
Withdrawal of Russians from war = hope for Germany
Second Battle of the Marne
: Germans defeated
Allies wouldn't make peace = liberal reforms in Germany = republic
Armistice Day
: new gov. went into effect
Death: birthrate decline, accustomed to violence, starvation, civil war
Turkish gov. killed Armenians =
genocide
Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary had political revolution
Social Democrats separated into radicals who favored immediate social revolution (led by
Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg
)
Communists attempted to seize power = moderate socialists called army and antirevolutionary volunteers (
Free Corp
)
Ethnic minorities wanted national independence
Peace Settlement
Reasons for fighting: selfish national interests → idealistic principles
Documents said that war fought for territory
Peace Aims
Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points"
justified military struggle as moral cause
Self-determination
= war waged against "absolutism and militarism"
Need for democratic gov. = political independence
Britain wanted payment, French wanted revenge and security
Big Four Powers: Italy, Britain, France, and U.S. (Russia in civil war, Germany hated)
League of Nations
prevent future wars (Britain and U.S. pledged to help French if attacked by Germany)
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles overlooked Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
War Guilt Clause
: declared Germany (+ Austria) responsible for staring war, Germany required to pay
reparations
Germans forced to cut down on military, give up land =
"dictated peace"
Other Peace Treaties
Germany and Russia lost territory, Austro-Hungary disappeared
New nation states formed
Serbia formed
Yugoslavia
(nucleus of new state)
Hard to build boundaries along ethnic lines
League of Nations' mandates
: nation administered a territory on behalf of the league
Self determination at the Paris Peace Conference
League of Nations = peaceful conflicts (hopes)
United States never joined League of Nations, Senate rejected Wilson's defensive alliance w/ Britain and France = limited involvement w/ European wars
American withdrawal = British withdrawal = France took strong actions against Britain