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Unit 8: Clinical Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Unit 8: Clinical Psychology
Abnormal Behavior
psychological disorder:
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
: 多动障碍
Anxiety disorder
😩
main anxiety disorder
Panic anxiety disorder
: sudden episodes of intense dread
Phobias anxiety disorder
: intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation
agoraphobia
: fear or avoidance of situations
social anxiety disorder
: intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such
Generalized anxiety disorder
: in which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
: a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).
two main theory of anxiety
The Learning Perspective
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: learn fear when observe
COGNITION: our interpretations and irratio- nal beliefs can also cause feelings of anxiety
CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING: our fear develop when we experience in a bad event
The Biological Perspective
NATURAL SELECTION: We humans seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors, we hold fear to help survive
GENES: Genes matter
THE BRAIN: over arousal
Mood disorder
😢: emotional extremes
major
Major Depressive disorder
: have five depression symptoms for two or more weeks,
Low energy
Low self-esteem
Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Feelings of hopelessness
Problems regulating sleep
Problems regulating appetite
Seasonal Affective Disorder
bipolar disorder.
: optimistic state of mania and depress
mania
:a mood disorder markers by hyperactivewildly optimistic state
Depression
Cause
Understanding Mood Disorders
The Biological Perspective
gene
brain
The Social-Cognitive Perspective
Depression is a whole-body disorder. Biological influences contribute to depression but don’t fully explain it.
rumination
: rumination compulsive fretting;
overthinking
about our problems and their causes.
Schizophrenia
👭 a split from reality that shows itself in disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions. : :
Disorganized Thinking
delusions
: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.
paranoid
: feeling that you're being threatened in some way
Disturbed Perceptions
hallucinations
: sensory experiences without sensory stimulation
Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions
: utterly inappropriate, split off from reality
flat affect:
emotionless state
compulsive acts:
catatonia
: motionless for hours and then become agitated.
two kind of
symptoms
positive: have the symptoms others do not have
negative: lost symptoms that people usually have
Schizophrenia
chronic:
a slow development process
Acute
: rapidly
Understanding Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities
Neurocognitive Disorder
： somatic
🧠 Short-term memory loss
🤕 Headaches
🚗 Difficulty walking and driving
😩 Inability to focus
etiologies
somatogenic
： principle that the root of psychological illness was due to a physiological cause
psychogenic
： hich states that mental illness is psychological 🧠 instead of physiological or supernatural
supernatural
： believed mental illness was caused by supernatural phenomena
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Edition 5 (DSM-5 ): 精神障碍诊断和统计手册
recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA)
Philippe Pinel
The medical model
: the disorder that have
physical
cause
The biopsychosical approach
: 今天的心理学家认为，所有的行为，无论是正常的还是紊乱的，都是由天性（遗传和生理因素）和后天（过去和现在的经验）的相互作用产生的。