Unit 8: Clinical Psychology

Abnormal Behavior

psychological disorder: a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Edition 5 (DSM-5 ): 精神障碍诊断和统计手册

recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA)

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): 多动障碍

Philippe Pinel

The medical model: the disorder that have physical cause

The biopsychosical approach: 今天的心理学家认为，所有的行为，无论是正常的还是紊乱的，都是由天性（遗传和生理因素）和后天（过去和现在的经验）的相互作用产生的。

Anxiety disorder😩

main anxiety disorder

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Panic anxiety disorder: sudden episodes of intense dread

Phobias anxiety disorder: intensely and irrationally afraid of a specific object or situation

Generalized anxiety disorder: in which a person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy

agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situations

social anxiety disorder: intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

two main theory of anxiety

The Learning Perspective

The Biological Perspective

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: learn fear when observe

COGNITION: our interpretations and irratio- nal beliefs can also cause feelings of anxiety

CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING: our fear develop when we experience in a bad event

NATURAL SELECTION: We humans seem biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our ancestors, we hold fear to help survive

GENES: Genes matter

THE BRAIN: over arousal

Mood disorder😢: emotional extremes

major

bipolar disorder.: optimistic state of mania and depress

Cause

Major Depressive disorder: have five depression symptoms for two or more weeks,

  1. Low energy
  1. Low self-esteem
  1. Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
  1. Feelings of hopelessness
  1. Problems regulating sleep

mania:a mood disorder markers by hyperactivewildly optimistic state

Depression

Understanding Mood Disorders

The Biological Perspective

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

gene

brain

Depression is a whole-body disorder. Biological influences contribute to depression but don’t fully explain it.

rumination : rumination compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes.

Schizophrenia👭 a split from reality that shows itself in disturbed perceptions, disorganized thinking and speech, and diminished, inappropriate emotions. : :

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Disorganized Thinking

Disturbed Perceptions

Diminished and Inappropriate Emotions: utterly inappropriate, split off from reality

delusions: false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

paranoid: feeling that you're being threatened in some way

hallucinations: sensory experiences without sensory stimulation

flat affect: emotionless state

compulsive acts:

catatonia: motionless for hours and then become agitated.

Neurocognitive Disorder： somatic

two kind of symptoms

positive: have the symptoms others do not have

negative: lost symptoms that people usually have

Schizophrenia

chronic: a slow development process

Acute : rapidly

Understanding Schizophrenia

Brain Abnormalities

etiologies

somatogenic： principle that the root of psychological illness was due to a physiological cause

psychogenic： hich states that mental illness is psychological 🧠 instead of physiological or supernatural

supernatural： believed mental illness was caused by supernatural phenomena

🧠 Short-term memory loss

🤕 Headaches

🚗 Difficulty walking and driving

😩 Inability to focus

  1. Problems regulating appetite

Seasonal Affective Disorder