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The Effects of Exercise on Aging and Cognitive Functioning Exercises-for…

- - - - or alone (no fear in being self conscious)
      - Increased adherence
        
        Improvement of cranial blood flow
        
        Reduced inflammation
        
        Increased cognitive performance
        
        Increased surface area of hippocampus
        
        Improvement in verbal memory and learning
  - - - Decreased cortisol hormone
        
        Decreased epinephrin
        
        Increased norepinephrine
    - - Efficiently regulates anxiety
        
        Decreases risk of depression
        
        Alleviates risk of age-related physical and mental conditions.
      - Lowers symptoms of depression, ADHD, anxiety
  - - - Improved neurotransmission
        
        Decreased acetylcholine during exercise
        
        Increased glutamate production
        
        Increases cognitive function
        
        Improves emotional regulation
    - - Better Sleep
      - More Energy
- - - - Increased brain volume, improved cognitive & functional performance
        
        Ultimately prevents risk and progression of disease in individuals experiencing Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
        
        Improves Quality of Life for individuals experiencing Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
      - Improvements in language and visual perceptual skills
    - - Neurogenesis
        
        Angiogenesis
        
        Beneficial changes in neurotransmitter systems
        
        May serve as a preventative measure AND possibly treatment for Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
        
        Delays progression & may even reverse cognitive impairment
        
        Cognitive vitality
  - - - Inhibits decrease in cerebral vasoreactivity
        
        Improves cognitive functioning
        
        Improves neuroprotection
        
        Decreases risk and rate of progression of neurodegeneration, Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia
        
        Improves cerebrovascular reserve
        
        cerebrovascular reserve
        
        Inhibits brain atrophy
        
        Inhibits decrease in cerebral perfusion
- - - - Encouraged leaving the house.
      - Motivated to be more social.
      - Greater perception of overall health.
    - - Stimulating conversation led to laughing, sharing stories, and joke-telling.
        
        Greater sense of joy and fulfillment in one's life.
    - - Gained a sense of belonging.
      - Forged friendships.
        
        Motivation to continue exercising.
  - - - Found value in each other's life experience.
      - Recognized the strengths of the group.
    - - Newfound concern if one of the group members did not show.
        
        Strong sense of security in the community.
      - Less concerned about the future.
        
        More sources of advice and support in one's life.
    - - Gave retirees daily routine.
      - Healthy balance to retired life.
  - - - Became more generous and open toward others.
        
        Greater ability to forgive; less negativity in one's life.
        
        Greater perceived empathy towards vulnerable people.
        
        Sense of purpose when helping others.
    - - Newfound sense of security.
      - 'The Neighbourhood Connection'
        
        Avoids social isolation of older people by producing intergenerational relationships.
        
        Able to live in a familiar setting throughout their lives.
        
        Greater intergenerational support.
  - - - Greater perception of overall health.
      - Reassured one's ability and willingness to contribute to society.
    - - Able to actively connect with others.
    - - Contributes to the status of staying active.
        
        Contributes to maintaining one's functional independence.
      - Contributes to maintaining one's role.
- - - - Prevention by exercise can increasing quality of life and improve longevity.
    - - Lower risk of dementia = better quality of life
  - - - Reduces feelings of depression, anxiety, and stress.
        
        Greater quality of life
      - Improves memory and decision-making.
    - - lower instances of frustration, anger & confusion
      - Less injuries = more independence & freedom
  - - - Good memory can assist in day to day problem solving
      - Better memory can help with day to day tasks and improve overall quality of life
    - - Improved attention results in less frustration