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Noun clauses, Report Speech, DƯƠNG THỊ THANH HẰNG - Coggle Diagram
Noun clauses
Definition
A dependent clause which functions as a N or N phrase
Function as a S, O or C
Beginning with THAT, a question word, or IF/ WHETHER
Types
That - clause: Derived from statements
Ex
That he is not the best choice goes without saying
She believed (that) everything would be fine.
Wh-clause: Derived from question
Ex
The question is what we can do to solve the problem
Whether and if
Use with embedded Yes/ No question
ex: Do you know whether/ if there's a good film on tonight?
If is preferred when
The N clause is the O of the V
Ex: I don't know if I can do anything to help
Whether is used in other positions
Talking a bout choices or alternatives
Ex: It is debatable whether it's necessary to tell her all about this.
N clause as S
Ex: Whether we will pass this test remains to be seen.
After Be (N clause as a SC)
Ex: The question is whether we should risk everything again this time.
After a preposition:
Ex: We need to discriminate between whether she really needs the money or just being greedy.
After a N
Ex: The question whether to wait another year will be discussed today
Before a to-inf
Ex: I can't decide whether to go or not
Immediately before OR NOT:
Ex: We have to decide whether or not we are going
Sequence of Tenses
The V tense in the independent clause determines the V tense in the dependent N clause
Ex
The president agrees that solar power is the answer to the energy crisis.
The president agreed that solar power was the answer to the energy crisis
He told me that he truly love her.
N clause as O: agree, ask, assume, believe, feel, complain, report, bet, write, show,..
Report Speech
V form not changing when
Reporting V is in present or future
The speaker expresses general truths, permanent states or conditions.
The reported sentence deals with conditionals type 2, 3, wishes or unreal past.
The speaker is reporting something right after it is said (up to date)
If the speaker reports something which is believed to be untrue, the V forms change
Type
Reported statement
Usually introduced by Say or Tell
That is optional
Personal pronouns and possessive adj changed according to context
Adv of place and time changed according to the context
V form changed
Past perfect and past perfect progressive: no change
Past simple changed to Past perfect or remaining the same
Verb forms in time clause remaining the same
If the report sentence is out of date, the V form changes
If the reported sentence is up to day, the V form does not change
Reported question
Introduce with ask, wonder, inquire,...
Statement word order
Wh-question: ask + wh=word
ex: I ask Peter where she's had lunch
Yes/ No question: ask + if/ whether
Ex: Anna wondered if we could take photos.
Reported commands/ requests/ suggestions
To report orders, requests, warnings, advice and invitations
Used with inf or -Ing
Ex
He told me to watch out
He suggested playing chess
Definition
A style used to report what a speaker actually said
Words changed
No quotation marks
Ex: Lan said (that) we had a mini-test today.
DƯƠNG THỊ THANH HẰNG