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Chapter Six: Expansion of Visual Languages, Chapter Six: Expansion of…
Chapter Six:
Expansion of Visual Languages
Chelsee Patterson
2/24/2021
Historical Influences
Late 1800s signs made on waist/lower chest now moved higher
More Compact / High visual acuity
Historical changes usually in hand shape or location
Generational gaps
1970's Proliferation SEE, PSE, Siglish, Ameslish, Ameslan
Mostly imported from France
Rochester Method
All-inclusive fingerspelling
First and earliest deviation from traditional sign language
1970s adopt Rochester Method aka Visible English
Straining to finger spell every word on one hand
Monotonous tones / no facial expression
Tedious and time-consuming
Combined Method
Combination of English/French instruction modalities
Aftereffect of Milan 1880 resolution, deaf teachers were reassigned to teach "oral failures"
Transitions
Variations
Different ways to say same thing
Regional variation / signs often stem from ways of life in different areas
Deaf school competitions spreading new ASL across state lines
Gender / ethnic / race variations
Male vs. Female
Technically
Technological developments: phone, cochlear, microwave oven, pager
Deaf people use phones as messengers resulting in the sign for
pager
History
Fingerspelling AKA dactylology = representing letters in writing system
Manual alphabets learned for silence, secrecy, literacy
Charles de La Fin (1692) published pointing to a body part representing the first letter (Brow=B)
Vowels located on fingertips (still in BSL)
Modern Manual Alphabet
FS makes 8.7% of casual signing
Fingerspelling proficiency but are weak in finger reading
New trend double Z-Z
Double R: HURRY, WORRY
Artificial Systems
Public Law 94-142 (11/29/1975)
establishment of classrooms not run
by traditional schools for the deaf
Help deaf children learn complete / exact English birth manually / orally
SEE 1
Seeing Essential English
Developed by deaf teacher, David Anthony
Hearing people hear a certain word in different types of sentences
Mandated user of one sign for word regardless of meaning
Developed new signs word endings:
sideway sweep "-ing",
N sweeping down palm of other hand "-ness"
ILY hand shape waving downward "-ly"
SEE 2
Developed by deaf woman, Gerilee Gustason
Signing Exact English
Some of SEE 1 rules
Usage of traditional ASL signs /
created signs for pronouns & affixes
LOVE
Linguistics of Visual English
Developed by deaf man, Dennis Wampler
Much like SEE 1
One sign for each printed word + need plurals and out signs
Developed signs for first letter of word as part of sign
IE: work, function, operation, employment, job, training, rehearsal
PSE
1970s
Simplist form of manual English, ASL arbitrarily in English word order
Articles and word endings not generally used
Deaf-hearing interactions
Pidgin Signed English
SE
Developed by hearing English professor, Harry Bornstein
SE considered as one-sign priniciple
Inventions / adaptations were (sometimes) too difficult to learn
Educators believed using English based sign system deaf people would improve their written / spoken English skills
Easier for non-deaf persons to understand
SImCom
Persons who use spoken words while signing at the same time
Receiver can hear / read lips when sign is not understood
Problems far outweigh advantages:
Ends up speaking & stops signing
Skips some signs
Produces sloppy FS
Sings in unclear fashion whilst speaking
Uses grammar / structure of spoken language which uses inappropriate sign parameters
Total Communication
AKA - Total Approach
Child has the right to multiple educational approaches in addition to speech and sign language
Roy Holcomb = Father of Total Communication
Separation of deaf children from deaf environments considered communication abuse
Chapter Six:
Expansion of Visual Languages
Continued
Learning Opportunities
Cues enhance understanding
8 hand shapes, 4 locations (distinguish vowel phonemes)
Hand shape & location = cue syllable
Cued Speech = presents cues
Cued Language = presents language utilizing linguistic principles
Orin Cornett, Cued Speech visual communication
Increasing Demand
ASL is fourth most commonly used language
2007- 42 states officially recognized ASL
Enrollment in ASL courses increased by 432% (1998-2002)
30% increase (2002) Enrollment 79k
16.4% increase by 2009, enrollment 91,763
Signing Hearing Infants/Children
Signing gives jumpstart on speech
Joseph Garcia observed hearing children of deaf parents started communicating earlier than hearing children w/ spoken language
Babies have indicated hand gestures before talking; pointing / reaching
Enjoy closer bonds w/ parents
Learn to develop larger vocabularies early on
Uncomplicated and less stressful
Many basic signs are "iconic"
CODAs
Children of Deaf Adults
CODA = signed & spoken / deaf & non-deaf
Experience identity confusion
Taken role of interpreter at young age
Understand / embrace cultural differences
1996 CODA celebration of mother, father day
Interpreters
Depend on hearing people to make
phone calls / transcribe messages
Workplaces: unable to participate / contribute
making decisions to influenceee their roles in workplace
Education: rely on written class notes / reading textbooks
(1973) RID began national interpreter certification program / Congress strengthened Rehabilitation Act (Section 504)
ADA (1992) companies with 25 + employees required to provide "reasonable accommodations"
Deaf entrepreneurs established interpreting agencies (David Birnbaum, Birnbaum Interpreting Services (BIS)
Western Interpreting Network (WIN) only deaf-owned agency in Ca (Moon & Eric Feris)
International Signs
Ethnologue database identified
271 sign languages, dialect and other sign systems
Gestuno
Italian acronym meaning "one system of gestures"
Collection of 1500 signs / gestures shared universally
Used in international conferences
American traveler visiting from other countries
As many as 10 interpreters can translate 1 presentation