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Disease States - Coggle Diagram
Disease States
Virus
Human Papillomavirus
Inhibits two key tumor suppressor proteins p53 and pRb
most resolve spontaneously with no symptoms
can form lesions that increase cancer risk
Chickenpox
Varicella-Zoster virus
Herpesvirus family of viruses
May become latent in spinal ganglia
Zostavax vaccine prevents shingles
Respiratory tract, centripetal rash, 10-12 day incubation
HIV infection and AIDS
Enveloped RNA virus
Retrovirus
Reverse transcriptase
Binds to CD4 cells
Helper T cells and macrophages
AIDS symptoms directly tied to level of virus in blood and level of T cells in blood
Direct contact
Can cross the placenta/breast milk
Fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes
Opportunistic infections, immune deregulation, weight loss, fever, sore throat, night sweats, lesions in brain, spinal column, and peripheral nerves
Influenza
Flu
Enveloped RNA viruses
Hemagglutinin (HA)
Viral entry
16 variants
Neuraminidase (NA)
Viral exit
Upper respiratory tract
Headache, chills, dry cough, body ache, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat
Genital Herpes
Herpes simplex 1 and 2
Reproductive tract
latency
Direct contact
Genital lesions
Anti-virals
Aviodance
Clinical presentation and PCR
Shingles
Reactivation of latent varicella virus
Acyclovir treatment
Travels down neurons to skin
Protozoan
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondi
Neurological
Oral transmission
Toxins
Mild flu, birth defects
Anti parasitic
Cook food properly, care when cleaning litter box
blood sample, amniotic fluid
Chagas disease
Parasitic
Trypanosoma cruzi
Flagellate
Kissing bug, triatoma infestans
mild early symptoms, fever, swollen lymph nodes, headaches
Chronic phase, often doesn't cause further symptoms
Can cause heart failure, enlarged esophagus, enlarged colon, 10-30 years after initial infeciton
crescent shaped cells with flagellum
Sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
African Trypanosomiasis
Transmitted by tsetse fly
Fever, headache, joint pain
confusion, poor coordination, numbness, trouble sleeping
Flagellate
Malaria
Plasmodium falciparum (common)
sporozoan
Plasmodium vivax
Mosquito transmission
Fever, fatigue, vomiting, headache
Yellow skin, seizures, coma, death
Naegleria fowleri
Brain eating amoeba
Sarcodine
Attacks nervous system and brain
Lives in fresh water
Banaltidium coli
Only ciliate that is pathogenic to humans
Balantidiasis, explosive and frequent diarrhea and possible perforation of the colon
feco-oral route from normal host (pig)
Bacteria
Gram Positive
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Streptococcus Pneumonia
droplet contact/inhalation
capsule, hemolysins
Fever, cough, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain
broad spectrum antibiotic
Respiratory
Strep throat
Streptococcus Pyogenes
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Complications
Scarlet fever
Bacteriophage alteration
Systemic toxin
Rheumatic fever
Autoimmune
Joint inflammation
Heart valve damage
Glomerulonephritis
Autoimmune
Kidney damage
Beta lactam antibiotics
Identification
Lancefield group A
Beta hemolytic
Bacitracin susceptible
Latex agglutination to detect antigens
Tetanus
Lockjaw
Clostridium tetani
Spore forming rod
releases tetanospasmin, powerful neurotoxin
Prevents muscle relaxation
Botulism
Clostridium botulinum
Endospore forming
releases neurotoxin that blocks ACH neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction
Prevents muscle contraction
3 major forms
Food borne
Ingestion of toxin
Infant botulism
Entrance of toxin into bloodstream
Wound botulism
Entrance of toxin into bloodstream
Staphylococcus aureus
Food poisoning by exotoxin
Contaminated food left unrefrigerated
heat stable toxin
cramping, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Rapid onset: 1-6 hours
Rapid recovery: within 24 hours
Bacillus anthracis
Anthrax
Rod shaped, anaerobic, spore forming
toxins from bacteria
Edema and tissue necrosis, fatal if untreated
Clostridium difficile
Pseudomembranous colitis
Long and irregular, anaerobic, spore forming
Toxins from bacteria
Diarrhea and inflammation
Clostridium perfringens
Rod shaped, anaerobic, spore forming
toxins cause food poisoning and gas gangrene
Cavities
Streptococcus and Lactobacilli
Plaque formation
Biofilm
Fermentation acid from sugars cause enamel decay
MRSA
Methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus
acquired in hospitals (noscomial)
Caused by exoenzyme
Gram Negative
Meningococcus
Neisseria meningitidis
diplococci lined up
Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF
Thayer martin Media
Chocolate agar with oxidase testing
Headache, stiff neck, fever, increased WBC in CSF
Petechiae formation: red/purple spot on skin from minor bleeding from broken capillary
Escherichia coli (O157:H7)
Uncooked ground beef
Shiga-toxin strain
Inhibits protein synthesis in cells
Kills intestinal epithelial cells, causing lesions and intestinal bleeding
acquired via bacteriophage
Mild gastroenteritis, fever, bloody diarrhea
Kidney disease/failure due to hemolytic uremic syndrome due to hemolysis
Blindness, seizure, stroke are possible neurological symptoms, esp in children under 5
Ulcers
Helicobacter pylori
Flagella
Microaerophile
Stomach and duodenal ulcers
Releases urease, which converts urea to ammonia to neutralize stomach acid
Gastritis
Bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Flea bite
Acid fast
Leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae
skin sores and nerve damage in arms and legs, loss of feeling in arms/legs, muscle weakness
Hansen's disease
Affects peripheral nerves
symptoms show 3 to 5 years after contact. sometimes 20 years later
95% of people are naturally immune
Fungus
Oral candidiasis
Gastrointestinal
Candida albicans
Adhesins
Redness, difficulty swallowing, angular cheilitis (cracks at corner of mouth)
Antifungals
Good oral hygiene
ringworm
Skin disease
Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton
Skin damage (scalp, beard, body, groin, foot, hand)
degrade keratin in skin, hypersensitivity
Helminth
River blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
Eye and skin disease
Black fly bite
Fly larvae, immune response evasion
Skin nodules, blindness
Anti parasitic
Enterobius vermicularis
Pinworm
infestation of large intestine
ingestion of eggs, fecal pollution of soil with eggs
Lactose intolerance
Intestinal cells stop making lactase
lactose is not broken down
Enteric bacteria use the lactose by fermentation
byproducts result in carbon dioxide and hydrogen
gas causes cramping, discomfort, diarrhea due to water reabsorption
Algae
Protothecosis
Prototheca wickerhami
Integumentary disease
Direct contact with contaminated soil/water
Toxins
Skin ulcers
Antifungals