Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Slowing down - Coggle Diagram
Slowing down
Right arm rigidity
-
-
1-Degeneration of dopaminergic neuronal cell in Substantia Nigra particularly the Pars Compacta in basal ganglia
4- imbalance of excitatory(Acetylcholine) and inhibitory (dopamine) neurotransmitters in corpus striatum
5- results in supraspinal stimulation of alpha motor neurons and accentuation of long-latency component of stretch reflex
-
Clumsy gait
A-Bradykinesia manifests as a slowness in activities of daily living, production of movement
B- Freezing (motor blocks), transient inability to perform active movement, freezing occurs on initiation of walking, when turning, or walking through narrow passages, crossing streets, or approaching a destination.
2- The pathologic hallmark of PD is the presence of eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, termed Lewy bodies
1-degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons within the pars compacta of the substantia nigra and the locus ceruleus in the brainstem
-
Stiff face
-
-
1- impairment or death of dopamine-producing nerve cells (neurons) in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra
-
Management
-
Long-term
-
-
1- surgery (deep brain stimulation): if there is poor response to the medications or sever disease before age 40 years.
-
-
Aging
The main areas to consider in reviewing the relationship between ageing and the pathological processes in PD are the presence and distribution of Lewy bodies, the specific distribution of cell loss and the pattern of protein deposition.PD consists of a cascade of events leading to cell death.
This cascade includes oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, excitotoxicity via glutamate pathways, protein misfolding and aggregation due to ubiquitin–proteasomal system dysfunction, and the development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies called Lewy bodies that contain neurofilament proteins and ubiquitinated α-synuclein.
Inflammation and humoral immune reactions contribute to the processes linked to cell death through apoptosis. Many of these mechanisms parallel the changes of ageing.