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PHYSICS 1st Term 1st EXAM TOPICS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - QUANTUM MECHANICS
        
         Quantum mechanics (QM; also known as quantum physics or quantum theory), including quantum field theory, is a branch of physics which is the fundamental theory of nature at the small scales and energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
      - ATOMIC and NUCLEAR PHYSICS
        
         Atomic Physics studies electrons and atomic nuclei as an isolated system.
      - CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS
        
        Condensed-matter physics is the study of substances in their solid state. This includes the investigation of both crystalline solids in which the atoms are positioned on a repeating three-dimensional lattice, such as diamond, and amorphous materials in which atomic position is more irregular, like in glass.
      - ELEMENTARY PARTICLES and HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS
        
        Particle physics (also known as high energy physics) is a branch of physics that studies the nature of the particles that constitute matter and radiation.
      - RELATIVITY
        
         Minute physics; relativity
         Special relativity and general relativity
         Special relativity applies to elementary particles and their interactions, describing all their physical phenomena except gravity.
         General relativity explains the law of gravitation and its relation to other forces of nature.
      - ASTROPHYSICS and COSMOLOGY
        
         Astrophysics studies the Sun, other stars, galaxies, extrasolar planets, the interstellar medium and the cosmic microwave background. Their emissions are examined across all parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the properties examined include luminosity, density, temperature and chemical composition.
    - - MECHANICS
        
         Mechanics deals with the motion of and forces on an object.
         It has a great importance in engineering.
      - ELECTRICITY and MAGNETISM
        
         Electromagnetism deals with electric charges and their interaction with each other.
      - OPTICS (LIGHT)
        
         Optics is the branch of physics which involves the behavior and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it.
      - WAVE MOTION
        
         Wave is an oscillation which transfers energy from one point to another.
      - THERMODYNAMICS
        
         Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
  - - -  Physical quantity: Any physical property that can be measured or calculated.
      -  The physical quantities are expressed by symbols and have a unit.
      -  EX: energy (E), force (F), velocity (V), mass(m), length (l), acceleration (a) …(International System of Units, abbreviated SI) (The French created unit of standard)
  - - -  NASA's vision: We reach for new heights and reveal the unknown for the benefit of humankind.
      -  To do that, thousands of people have been working around the world -- and off of it -- for more than 50 years, trying to answer some basic questions. What's out there in space? How do we get there? What will we find? What can we learn there, or learn just by trying to get there, that will make life better here on Earth?
      -  NASA conducts its work in four principal organizations, called mission directorates:
      -  Aeronautics: manages research focused on meeting global demand for air mobility in ways that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable, while also embracing revolutionary technology from outside aviation.
      -  Human Exploration and Operations: focuses on International Space Station operations, development of commercial spaceflight capabilities and human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit.
      -  Science: explores the Earth, solar system and universe beyond; charts the best route of discovery; and reaps the benefits of Earth and space exploration for society.
      -  Space Technology: rapidly develops, innovates, demonstrates, and infuses revolutionary, high-payoff technologies that enable NASA's future missions while providing economic benefit to the nation.
    - -  ESA’s job is to draw up the European space programme and carry it through. ESA's programmes are designed to find out more about Earth, its immediate space environment, our Solar System and the Universe, as well as to develop satellite-based technologies and services, and to promote European industries. ESA also works closely with space organisations outside Europe.
    - - Mission
         To be a pioneer in ensuring that our country benefits from nuclear technology and to perform the regulatory and supervisory activities in nuclear field.
      - Vision
         To provide our country to become an arbiter country in the field of nuclear technology and to be a reliable, effective and independent authority in ensuring the protection of human and environment from radiation.
    - -  At CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, physicists and engineers are probing the fundamental structure of the universe. They use the world's largest and most complex scientific instruments to study the basic constituents of matter – the fundamental particles. The particles are made to collide together at close to the speed of light. The process gives the physicists clues about how the particles interact, and provides insights into the fundamental laws of nature.
    - -  The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) is the leading agency for management, funding and conduct of research in Turkey. It was established in 1963 with a mission to advance science and technology, conduct research and support Turkish researchers.
      -  The Council is an autonomous institution and is governed by a Scientific Board whose members are selected from prominent scholars from universities, industry and research institutions.
      -  TÜBİTAK is responsible for promoting, developing, organizing, conducting and coordinating research and development in line with national targets and priorities.
      -  TÜBİTAK acts as an advisory agency to the Turkish Government on science and research issues, and is the secretariat of the Supreme Council for Science and Technology (SCST), the highest S&T policy making body in Turkey.
  - - - o Length
      - o Volume
      - o Time
      - o Mass
  - - - o Displacement
      - o Velocity
      - o Acceleration
      - o Force
  - - - Fundamental Quantities/SI Unit/Symbol
      - Length Meter m
      - Mass Kilogram kg
      - Time Second s
      - Electric current Ampere A
      - Temperature Kelvin K
      - Amount of substance Mol mol
      - Luminous intensity Candela cd
    - - o Sometimes derived units are also given their own name.
      - o The unit of force is kg m s -2 , but it is usually called the newton, N.
      - o Speed = distance/time (m/s= m s-1)
      - o Acceleration = distance/time2 = m/s2 = m s-2
      - o Force = mass x acceleration = kg m/s2= kg m s-2= Newton (N)
    - - Power P watt W = J/s
      - Work W joule J = N m
      - Acceleration a Meter per second squared m/s2
      - Force F newton N = kg m/s2
      - Velocity  Meter per second m/s
      - Density d Kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3
      - Volume V Cubic meter m3
      - Name/Symbol/Name/Symbol
      - Quantity/SI Unit
- - - - 1) Measurement Volume – Liquids
        
         VOLUME, Remember SI unit for volume is m3
        
         One way to find the volume of a liquid is to use a graduated cylinder.
        
        Name of Unit Symbol Volume in m^3 Conversion factor
        
        Kilometer cube km^3 10^9 m^3 -
        
        Meter cube m^3 10^0 m^3 1kL
        
        Decimeter cube dm^3 10^-3 m^3 1L
        
        Centimeter cube cm^3 10^-6 m^3 1mL
        
        Millimeter cube mm^3 10^-9 m^3 -
        
        Example conversions
        
        8 m3 = ...dm3
        
        4000 dm3 = ...m3
        
        2 m3 = ...cm3
        
        500 mL =...cm3
        
        0.03 L = ...mL
        
        3 dm3 = ...L
        
        4x105 mL …L
      - 2) Measurement Volume – Solids
        
        Regular Shapes
        
         Volume is equal to base area times height.
        
         V=base area x height
        
         For cones V=base area x height/3
        
        Irregular shapes
        
         We use a graduated cylinder to measure the volume of an uneven shape.
        
         First of all an amount of water is put in graduated cylinder and the height of water is noted, after the object is put in a graduated cylinder and the new height is noted.
        
         First height minus ne height is the volume of the object, in terms of what measurement it is.
        
        Example: The initial height of water column in a beaker is 20 cm. The radius of the beaker is 2 cm. When a stone is gently placed into the cylinder, the height of water column becomes 25 cm. Calculate the volume of the stone in cm3? (π = 3)
        
        The height increases in water
        
        Δh = 25 - 20 = 5 cm
        
        Volume of the stone = Volume of the displaced water
        
        Vdisplaced water = Vcylinder = π r2 h
        
        r = 2 cm and h = 5 cm.
        
        Vstone = π r2 h = 3 x 22 x 5 = 60 cm3
  - - - Strength  cross sectional area/WEIGHT
      - Strength depends on shape, dimensions and type of material
      - Strength ⍺ cross sectional area/volume
      - W= mg= dVg
      -  Changing length, width of the objects causes the change in volume and cross sectional area .
      -  How does strength change when we increase the dimesions
        
         If the ratio of cross area and volume increases then strenght of the object is increases too.
        
         If the ratio decreases ,strenght value decreases too.
        
         If the ratio of cross area and volume increases then strenght of the object is increases too.
        
         If the ratio decreases ,strenght value decreases too.